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Government Of Assam Environment & Forest Assam State Biodiversity Board
- AICHI Targets
- Assam at a Glance
- Biodiversity Heritage Sites (BHS)
Biodiversity of Assam
- Cartagena Protocol
- Conference of the Parties (COP)
- Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
- Nagoya Protocol
- Threatened Species
- Protected Area Network
- Technical Support Group (TSG)
- Penalties for violation of the Act, 2002
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms at all levels of organization, from gene through species to higher taxonomic forms and also includes the variety of ecosystems and habitats as well the processes occurring therein. Biodiversity is fundamental to the fulfillment of human needs - a biodiversity rich region offers wide options and opportunities for sustaining human welfare including adoption to changes.
The Bio-spectrum
The climatic conditions cause prevalence of not and highly humid weather in this part of country and coupled with heterogenic physiography make possible luxuriant growth of a number of plant communities imparting Assam a distinct identity phyto-geographically, many a species are endemic to this region and it is also the center of origin for commercially important plants including Banana, Citrus, Mango, Zizyphus, and Tea. The array of floristic richness has prompted many a scholars to describe Assam as the “Biological Gateway” of North East. The eminent Plant Taxonomist and Plant Geographer Armen L. Takhtajan observed, “Cradle of flowering plants lies in between Assam and Fiji”.
Diverse Plant Communities
In the “Revised Survey of Forest Types in India”, Champion and Seth categorized as many as fifty one different forest types/ sub types for this region. But, the species diversity is so spectacular that it becomes often difficult to clearly identify separate riche to existing plant formations. However, broadly speaking the forest in Assam can be described into following types/ sub types.
- Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests.
- Tropical Semi Evergreen Forests.
- Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests.
- Co-ordinate the activities of the Biodiversity Management Committees;
- Sub-tropical Broadleaf Hill Forests.
- Sub-tropical Pine Forests.
- Littoral and Swamp Forests.
- Grassland and Savannahs.
Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests are found in the districts of Golaghat, Jorhat, Sibsagar, Tinsukia, Dibrugarh and in a narrow stretch in Lakhimpur and Dhemaji districts along foot hills. These forests also occur in the southern part of the State at lower elevations in Borail Range, and in Loharbund, Sonai, Longai and Dholia Reserve Forests in Cachar and Karimganj Districts.
Hollong (Dipterocarpus macrocarpus), the tallest tree of Assam and also the “State Tree” is the most predominant constituent of these forests. The associated species are Borpat, Jutuli, Sam, Dewa sam, Nahar, Teeta chap, Bhelu, Mekai etc.
Forests in Southern Assam have, however, Dipterocarpus terbinatus(Garjan) in association with Mesua ferrea (Nahar), Mesua floribunda (Bolong), Michelia glabra (Champ), Palaquium polyanthum (Kathalua) etc.
Tropical Semi Evergreen Forests occur mostly in Hallangapar, Abhoypur, Dilli, Dhansiri, Kholahat, Mayong, Garbhanga, Rani, Mahamaya, Guma, Haltugaon, Kachugaon, Gali, Pobha, Ranga, Kakoi, Nauduar, Batasipur, Dohalia, Singla, Longai, Bhuban Pahar, Sonai, Barak and Inner Line Reserve Forests along Northern and Southern parts of the State.
These forests have mostly medium size trees with few large trees. Shrubs, lianas, climbers, orchids and ferns grow copiously. At the fringe bamboos and canes occupy the space.
Species association and frequency of their occurrence vary from forest to forest, but the ones commonly found are Actinodaphne obovata (Petarichawa), Aesculus species (Ramanbih), Artocarpus chama(Sam), Albizia species(Siris, Sau, Koroi), Anthocephalus chinensis (Kadam), Duabanga grandiflora (Khakan), Castonopsis species (Hingori, Dhobahingori, Kanchan),Dillenia indica (Ou-tenga), Bauhinia purpurea (Kanchan), Lagerstroemia species(Jarul, Ajar,Sidha), Magnolia species(Phulsopa, Gahorisopa, Pansopa, Kharikasopa, Kathalsopa, Duleesopa),Mallotus species(Sinduri, Joral, Dudhloti, Buritokan), Michelia champaca(Teeta campa), Syzygium species(Paharijam, Mokrajam, Berjamu, Kolajamu, Bogijamu, golapjamu). Schima wallichii (Bolem,Ghugra), Terminalia species, (Hilikha, Bohera, Bhomora), Trewia nudiflora(Bhelkor), Hatipolia, Holok etc.
Moist Deciduous Forests can further be described as Sal Forests and Mixed Deciduous Forests. Sal Forests occupy considerable forest area in the Central and Lower parts of the State in the Districts of Nagaon, Morigaon, Kamrup, parts of Nalbari and Barpeta, Darrang, Dhubri, Kokrajhar and Goalpara.
In these forests, Sal grows in association with Lagerstroemia species(Jarul, Ajar), Schima Wallichii(Ghugra), Stereospermum personatum (Paruli), Adina cordifolia (Haldu), Artocarpus species (Sam), Ficus species(Bor, Dimoru, Dhupbor, Bot, Athabor, tengabor, Lotadioru, Khongaldimoru), Bischofia javanica (Uriam), Gmelina arborea (Gomari), Michelia champaca(Teeta champa), Terminalia species (Hilikha, Bhomora, Bohera). Toona ciliate (Poma) etc.
Moist Deciduous Mixed Forests occur at the foot of hills in Lakhimpur, Dhemaji, Karbi-Angong and N. C. Hills districts. Trees are mostly deciduous with Sprinkling of few evergreen and semi-evergreen species. Important plant species growing in these forests include Adina cordifolia9 Haldu), Albizia species(Siris, Kolasiris, Koroi, Sau) Alstonia scholaris(Satiana), Artocarpus chama (Sam), Careya arborea(Kumbhi), Dalbergia species(Sissoo, Medelua), Ficus species (Bot, Bor, Dimoru), Lagerstroemia species (Jarul, Ajar), Mallotu species (Senduri, Joral, Dudhloti) etc.
These forest harbour rich diversity of shrubby and herbaceous ground vegetation. Some of the Reserve Forests also have teak plantations.
Bordering Moist Deciduous Forests in rain shadow areas are found forests which has been referred to as “Dry Forests” by Kanjilal. This type of forests are encountered in the Lumding, Langting, Mailongdisa Reserve Forests. A typical example is the Umananda Island in the middle of Brahmaputra North of Guwahati. Important species include, Aegle marmelos(Bel), Albizia species(Siris), Cassia fistula(Sonaru), Bombax (Simul), Alstonia scholaris(Satiana), Ficus species(Bor), Litsea species(Loban, Bagnola, Mezankori, Honwalu,Digloti) Melia azedarach(Neem), Moringa oleifera(Sajana), Orosylum indicum(Bhatgila), Mallotus species(Senduri), Terminalia species(Hilikha,Bhomora) etc.
Sub-tropical Broad Leaf Hills forests and Sub-tropical Pine forests occur in the districts of Karbi-Anglong and N. C. Hills. Species commonly occurring are Alseodaphne petiolaris(Ban-hanwalu), Antidesma bunius, Betula alnoides, Cleidon speciflorum etc. Higher up pure stands of Pinus kesiya(Khasi-pine) are found particularly in the Hamren sub-division in Karbi-Anglong district.
Grass land and Savannahs are grass dominated biomes and form the major part of vegetation in Kaziranga National Park, Pobitora, Orang, Sonai-Rupai, Laokhowa, Barnadi, Burachapori, Dibru-Saikhowa Wildlife Sanctuaries and some part in Manas National Park. Grasslands support important wildlife population in Assam. Important grasses are Apluda mutica, Phragmatis karka, Sclerostachya fusca, Saccharum species etc. These species grow gregariously at the onset of monsoon and grow even upto 6 meters tall.
Littoral and Swamp forests have almost lost their identity because of biotic pressure on land. Presently sedges and grasses form the largest component of vegetation. Important species include Ageratum conyzoides, Alocasia species, Alpinia species., Amaranthus species., Bacopa species., Blumea species., Bombax species., Crotolaria species. etc.
The orchids of Assam
In Assam as many as 293 species of Orchids are reported which represent 44.39% of North.East species and 24.42% of species occurring in India.
Orchids as a group of flowering plants exhibit wide range of habits and have specific macro climatic requirements for their growth, development and regeneration. Assam orchids show all the habits and growth forms found in Orchidaceous taxa. Mostly they are epiphytes. Goodyera procera and Spiranthis sinesis are adapted to aquatic habitant whereas Vanilla pilifera and Galeola altissima are climbers.
Orchids grow to their magnificent best in the Evergreen and Semi- Evergreen forest and to some extent in Moist Deciduous forests.
Species belonging to genera Acanthephippium, Anoectochilus, Apostasia, Agrostophyllum, Coelogyne, Cymbidium, Dendrobium, Eria, Oberonia,, Calanthe, Eulophia, Geodorum, Habenaria, Malaxis, Nephelaphyllum, Vanilla, Zeuxine, Didymoplexis, Galeola, Bulbophyllum, Camarotis are the commonly found orchids.
Bamboos in Assam
Bamboos have gained considerable importance in the socio-economic life of people in Assam for the variety of uses they cater to. Altogether 38 naturally growing species of bamboo are recorded in Assam of which Bamboosa masrtersei is restricted in distribution to Dibrugarh district. Bamboosa cacharensis, Dinochlora compactiflora, D.india are restricted to Barak Valley. Chimnobabusa griffithiana and Oxetenanthera parviflora are restricted in distribution to N.C.Hills. Bambusa rangaensis grows wild in the Ranga R.F. of Lakhimpur district. Bamboosua vulgaris is the introduced species cultivated throughout Assam as ornamental plant.
Bambusa jaintiana and Melocanna arundiana are the species reported only from Assam.
There are no exclusive bamboo forest in the plains of Assam, bamboo grooves are found mostly along the edge of Reserve Forests. But pure bamboo forests occur in N.C Hills and Karbi Anglong districts predominated with Melocanna baccifera and Chimnobambusa griffithiana.
Bamboo is cultivated widely in Assam and every household grows bamboo in its bari land. Commonly cultivated species are Bambusa balcooa (Bhaluka bamboo), Bambusa tulda (Jati bamboo), Malocanna bacciferra (Muli bamboo), Dendrocalamus hamiltonii (Koko bamboo) and Dendrocalamus giganteus (Mokalm bamboo).
Cane Diversity
14 species of cane grow in cane brakes in forests of Assam. Calamus flagellum, Calamus floribunadus, Calamus latifolius are found widely distributed throughout Assam. Plectomia assamica and Plectomia bractealis are endemic species.
Medicinal Plant diversity
Assam is home to a good number of plants having medicinal uses in Aurvedic, Unani, Homeopathic and even modern medical practices. Quite a few of them are used by traditional village practitioners called Bej and people respond favourably to these traditional practitioners particularly in rural areas. Altogether, 952 plants species have been identified which have uses in medical practices in some form or other. Asparagus racemosa (Satmul), Curcuma aromatica (Ban-haldi), Emblica officinalis (Bel), Terminalia species (Hilikha, Bahera), Eugenia jambolana(Loha-jam),Garcina species (Thekera), Holarrhina antidysentrica (Dudhkuri), Hydnocarpus kurzii (Chalmugra), Litsea cubeba (Mejankuri), Ocimum species.(Tulsi), Phlogocanthus thyrsiflorus (Titaphul), Piper longum (Pipoli), Saraca indica (Asoka), Wedelia calandulacea (Mahabhringraj), Zinziber officinalis (Ada) are some of the most commonly used plants in treatment of various aliments. But the list is not exhaustive.
Wetlands and Aquatic Plant Diversity
Assam has more fresh water wetlands then any other state in the North Eastern Region. The two major drainage systems of Assam-the Brahmaputra and the Barak and in the flood plains of these river systems exist patches of marshy depressions and swamps as well as perennial water bodies of varying shape, size and depth called locally as beels, haors, jalah, doloni, hola, pitoni etc. Man made tanks like Joysagar, Sibsagar, Dighalipukhuri, Jorpukhuri, Hazarapukhuri, Rajhuwa Borpukhuri etc. were also dug by ancient Rulers of Assam. There are an estimated 3513 beels and hoars, 1,85,623 ponds and tanks and one reservoir in Assam. Deepor beel near Guwahati is a Ramsar site. Besides Deepor beel and some others mentioned above wetlands of importantce are Chandubi, Rata, Sohola, Taralipather, Phokolai, Mer, Sonbeel, Jamjing, Sagunpara, Motapung, Sarlane, Sareswar, Roumari, Khalihamari, Goranga, Sapekhati, Koladuar etc.
The aquatic plants species of Assam belongs to diverse habits and have distinctive characteristics. More than 100 such aquatic species have been identified and they can be described into following broad categories.
- Free floating hydrophytes: Eichhornia cressipes, Pistia stratioles, Lemna mino etc.
- Suspended submersed hydrophytes: Ceratophyllum demersum, Utricularia gibba etc.
- Anchored submerged hydrophytes: Hydrilla, Potomogeton, vallisnaria etc.
- Anchored hydrophytes with floating leaves: Nelumbo, Euryle etc.
- Anchored hydrophytes with floating shoots: Ludwigia, Ipomea etc.
- Emergent amphibious hydrophytes: Sagittaria, Scrirpus.
- Wetland hydrophytes: Cyperus, Hygrophylla etc.
Endemic Flora
Endemic flora are plants which occur in a restricted area. Altogether 165 species of plants have been recorded which are restricted in distribution to certain pockets in Assam, though some of them show extended destruction in the N.E. Region and elsewhere in India. However about 100 such species have distribution restricted to Assam only. These include trees e.g. Accacia gageana, Adiantum assamicum, Alseodaphne andersonii, Alseodaphane khasyana, Angiopteris assamica, Cedrela fabrifuga, Cinnamomum cacharensis, Coelogyne assamica, Combretum wallichii, Dinochloa indica, Diospyros cacharensis, Dipterocarpus mannii, Eugenia cyanophylla, bamboos e.g. Bambusa cacharensis, Bambusa mastersii, Chimnobambusa griffitheana, orchids e.g. Bulbophyllum elassonotum, Bulbophyllum vireus, Dendrobium assamicum etc.
Rare and Endangered Species
From all available account following categories of threatened plants recognized by the IUCN have been reported from Assam.
Extinct: Bambusa mastersii, Cleisostoma arietinum, Cyperus corymbosus, Dendrobium assamicum, Dendrobium aurantiacum, Hetaeria anomala, Liparis stachyurus and Sapria himalayana. Paphiopedilum specerianum is reported to be extinct in wild.
Besides the above; 284 species of plants are observed to be critically endangered, 149 species as endangered, 58 species as vulnerable, 13 species as near threatened.
The Rich Faunal Diversity
Assam is part of the transitional zone between the Indian, Indo- Malayan and Indo- Chinese Biographical regions. Favourable climate, topographic and edaphic factors support luxuriant growth of diverse plant communities and create varied habitats. The Wet Evergreen, Semi-Evergreen, Moist Deciduous, Wet Savannah and riparian forest as well as extensive network of river systems and swamps, marshes and wetlands provide ideal conditions and suitable habitat for sustenance of wide variety of fauna be it mammals, primates, reptiles, amphibians, fishes, mollusks, birds, butterflies, moths etc. With existence of one of the most diverse faunal population; Assam provides the gateway for spread of both oriental and Palaearctic fauna to other parts of the country.
Mammalian Diversity
Assam forms the western most boundary for the Indo-Chinese species including primates and the easternmost limit of several peninsular mammalian fauna. The distributional extent of several Indian species including clawless otter, the spotted deer, the swamp deer, the stone marlin, the hispid hare, the great Indian one horned rhinoceros, the pigmy hog etc. have terminated in Assam plains. The distributional range of several Indo-Chinese fauna gets its sustenance from this region. Mention can be made of its sustenance from this region. Mention can be made of such species like clouded leopard, the marbled cat, the golden cat, the spotted linsang, the large Indian civet, the binturong, the crab eating mongoose, the ferret badger, the hog badger, the hoary bamboo rat, the bay bamboo rat etc .Assam is home to all the primate species found in the North Eastern region. Besides, many of the relict mammalian fauna of peninsular India particularly those occurring in the Western Ghats have close relationship with Assam and N.E region and therefore undoubtedly Assam holds a key place in the evolutionary process of divergence of mammalian fauna in India.
Assam’s mammalian diversity is represented by 193 species which are widely distributed in this region. But of late some of the species like one horned rhinoceros, water buffalo, pigmy hog, swamp deer, golden langur, hoolock gibbon have their distribution limited to isolated pockets and protected areas.
Primate Diversity
Out of 15 Indian primate species 9 are found in Assam. Hoolock gibbon is the only ape found in India. The other primate species are golden langur, capped monkey, rhesus macaque, pigtail macaque, stump tailed macaque, Assamese macaque, and slow Lorries. Golden langur or “Sonali Bandar” as it is known locally is confined between Sankosh river in the west; Manas in the east; Brhmaputra in the south and mountains in Bhutan in the north. Pigtail macaque and stumped tailed macaque locally known as Gahorinejia Bandar and “ Senduiria Bandar” respectively are distributed in the Eastern, central and southern part of the state. Rhesus macaque, capped monkey and Assamese macaque are more or less distributed through the State. Assamese macaque and Rhesus monkeys are also found in villages and in urban areas.
Most of the primates are predominately arborcal in nature but Rhesus monkey, Assamese macaque and stump tailed macaque are partly terrestrial also.
Slow Lorries is the only prosimian found in Assam and the N.E. region. Locally known as “Lajuki Bandar” they are solitary animals and obligate canopy dwellers.
Because of the habitant loss and fragmentation the primates are facing serious threat to their survival.
Avian Diversity
Assam is one of the “endemic bird areas” in the world. With 950 bird species the State is home to 53.5% of the bird species found in the Indian Sub-Continent, 17 species of birds are endemic to Assam and include Manipur Bush Quail, Marsh Babbler, Snowy throated Babbler, Tawny breasted Wren Babbler, Blyth’s Tragopan, Beautiful Sibia, Grey sibia, Black breasted Parrotbill, Chestrunt breasted partridge, Rusty breasted shortwig etc. 45 species of birds from Assam find mention in the Indian Red Data Book and include white winged wood duck, Blyth’s Tragopan, Greater Adjutant, lesser Adjutant, Leser whitefronted Goose, Merbled Teal, Beer’s Pochard, Palla’s Sea Eagle, Greater spotted Eagle, Green Peafowl, White rumped vulture, longbilled vulture etc.
Reptilian Diversity:
Assam’s varied physiography and habitant conditions support a rich variety of reptilian population. Gangetic gharial, 19 species of tortoises and 77 species of snakes and lizards are found in the state.
Amphibian Diversity:
Assam and other parts of the N.E. region have 70 species of Amphibions reported from the region.. Gangenophis fulleri and Ichthyphis garoensis are endemic to Assam.
Fish Diversity:
The Brahmaputra and Barak river system along with their tributaries and flood plain wetlands locally known as beels provide very condusive habitant for an array of fish species, Assam and other parts of N.E. region is recognized as one of the hot spots of fresh water fish biodiversity. 197 food, sports and ornamental fish species are reported from the region of which 185 are reported from Assam. The important ornamental fish species are colisa, Nemacheilus, Danio, Botia and Chaca. Commercially important fish species include, Rohu, Ktla, Pabha,Pabda Chital, Magur, Singi, Sol, etc. Over exploitation is posing serious threats to fish diversity and 25 species are identified as threatened.
Molluscan Diversity:
The river systems and extensive flood plains also harbour fresh water mollusks. So far 39 species of freshwater snails have been reported from Assam of which 10 species are used as food.
Butterfly Diversity:
These are amongst most beautiful creatures on earth. Around 1500 species of butterflies are reported from India of which nearly half are reported from Assam and N.E. India. The Swallowtail butterflies occupy an important place and the IUCN has identified the entire N.E. Region as Swallowtail rich zone under “Swallowtail Conservation Action Plan”.
Butterflies play an important role in pollination of plants and besides being important aesthetically they play important role in biodiversity conservation.
Diversity of Moths:
Moths are also beautiful creatures and in Assam about 387 species of moths are reported. Most of the moth species are distributed throughout the State.
APSC-Biodiversity of Assam
Published by pcsanswers on September 17, 2022 September 17, 2022
- Assam is situated in the North Eastern part of India under tropical monsoon climate with west summer and cool dry winter.
- The area experiences a relatively high average annual temperature and a heavy (though seasonal) average annual rainfall as a result a conclusive for luxuriant growth of vegetation providing suitable habitat for almost all varieties of life.
- The plants and animals of Assam have varieties from the Himalayan , Chinese , Indian and South East Asian zoo-geographic and Phyto-geographic .
- Assam is regarded now as a part of the global-biodiversity hotspot (only 2 in India).
- It is also a part of the Eastern Himalayas endemic bird area , Assam plains endemic bird area.
- Arunachal Himalayas do not form an extensive snow covered region . So, many plants and animals from other zoo- geographical some regions are also available.
- There has been sustained human migration from Tibet and South East Asia to North East India. These migrants have brought in with them plants and animals that they considered to be useful.
- The area falls within the tropical zone with monsoon climate but the hills and land at sharp vertical variation to temperature and precipitation.
- The topography, rainfall, humidity, temperature support different classified vegetations. The vegetations so developed form the basis of animal life.
PLANT DIVERSITY
- Variations in ecological conditions have given rise to plant diversity in Assam.
- Tropical evergreen forest occurring mainly in Southern Parts of Jorhat, Sivasagar, Dibrugarh and Tinsukia district specially in the Jaipur to Margherita area, small areas of Himalayan foothills of Dhemaji, Lakhimpur and Sonitpur districts and in parts of North Cachar Hills and Barak Valley. This habitat is characterized by trees like Hallong , Mekai , Mesua families of trees.
- Presence of luxuriant orchids of all descriptions like Nahar and Macdolia .
- There are also tropical semi evergreen forests in the Himalayan foothills from Chirang district in BTAD to Joonai in Dhemaji district.
- Common varieties found here are Champa , Kadam , Nahar , Macdolia etc. This forest with their ground under decomposed leaves support many worms and insects.
- Assam also has coverage of tropical moist deciduous forest which occurred over a large area of lower Brahmaputra Valley and parts of Karbi Anglong and North Cachar Hills . The common trees of this forest are- Sal , Gomari , Teak etc.
- The river banks are found along the two of the largest rivers, thus supporting tall elephant grass like Konkua , Ikara , Nal etc. This vegetation is known as Riparian vegetation .
Besides these habitats described above, the vast area occupied by man for long centuries have been supporting no of species of domestic and semi-domestic plant and animal.
ANIMAL DIVERSITY
- The total number of species indentified is 175 in Assam.
- The state has above 60% mammalian species of India. It is found that some large river have formed effective barriers in the spread of some mammals.
- As for example the Brahmaputra is working as an effective barrier in the distribution of Hollock Gibbon which are confined to the South bank as opposed to Golden Langur which is confined to the north bank.
- About 90% of the Asian Rhinoceros and entire population of Pygmy hog of the world are found to be in Assam only.
- The state also has very large wide Water buffalo, Elephants, Tigers, Leopards, Golden Langur etc.
- Assam is also rich in Avifauna . It has both fully terrestrial and swamp and aquatic birds.
- There are 958 species and sub- species of birds, out of which 208 are migrant which come during the winter season.
- The state is also very rich in fish fauna. Eg – Garoi .
- There are about 187 species of reptiles in Assam, which includes Crocodiles, Turtles, Tortoise, Lizards, Snakes etc.
PROBLEMS OF BIODIVERSITY
1. With the rapid increase of population there has been ever increasing destruction of the environment felling of trees for various construction purposes, encroachment of forest areas for cultivation and habitations, clearing of vegetation for roads have taken a heavy toll of the forests of Assam in recent years. Between 1971-75, 1993-95 Assam has lost over 3142 sq km of dense forest. The percentage of dense forests in Assam came down to 19.8.
2. In recent years some reserved forests and grazing land have been cleared to accommodate increasing population or those displaced due to ethnic clashes, bank erosions, chronic flood problems and high illegal immigrants from Bangladesh .
3. Disputes with the bordering state like Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya etc. and Assam has also lost some good amount of frontier reserved forests during the time of land swap boundary agreement with Bangladesh
4. Some of the native habitats are under destruction due to uncontrolled grazing by domestic animals like goats, sheep, cattle etc.
5. Poaching of rare animals for their hair, teeth, horn, skin etc also affected the biodiversity of the region. Sometimes some good wild animals are killed by electrocuting. Now a days these type of activities are decreasing due to the government intervention.
6. A new challenging come out that is climate change , high rise of bacterial, fungal and viral diseases different from plants and animals and change in the pattern of temperature and precipitation also has resulted into damage of the biodiversity of the region.
CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY
- Forest Conservation Act 1990,
- Wildlife Protection Act 1972 ,
- Environment Protection Act 1986 etc.
These are some government laws aimed at protecting the habitats and the species of plants and animals and also the-
*Solid Waste Management Rules
*Paris Climate Agreement
*proper implementation of central and state pollution board *Use of CAMPA fund
Rare and Endangered Species:
- Categories of threatened plants recognized by the IUCN have been reported from Assam.
- 284 species of plants are observed to be critically endangered , 149 species as endangered, 58 species as vulnerable , 13 species as near threatened .
State Symbols of Assam
Note: For Soil of Assam Click Here
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Essay on Biodiversity of India: Top 4 Essays | Biodiversity | Biology
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Here is a compilation of essays on ‘Biodiversity of India’ for class 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12. Find paragraphs, long and short essays on ‘Biodiversity of India’ especially written for kids, school and college students.
Essay on Biodiversity of India
Essay Contents:
- Essay on People and Government’s Participation in Biodiversity Conservation
Essay # 1. Introduction to Biodiversity:
India has a great wealth of biodiversity in its forests, wetlands and marine areas. It has wide range of habitats ranging from tropical rainforest to alpine vegetation and from temperate forests to coastal wetlands. India consists of fertile river plains and high plateaus and several major rivers including the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Indus. India shows a great diversity in climate, topography and geology hence very rich in biodiversity. The Ministry of Environment and Forests Govt. of India (2000) records 47,000 species of plants and 81000 species of animals.
This is about 7% and 6.5% respectively of global flora and fauna. About 5000 species of flowering plants have their origin in India. India is said to be the centre of origin of 160 species of crop plants and 320 species of wild relatives of cultivated crops. India has 372 different mammals (rated eighth highest in world), 1228 species of birds (eighth in world), 428 species of reptiles (fifth in world). India has more than 50,000 species of insects including 13000 butterflies and moths.
ADVERTISEMENTS: (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Essay # 2. Features of Indian Biodiversity:
Interesting features of Indian biodiversity are:
1. Hot Spots of Biodiversity :
Hot spots are areas that are extremely rich in species have high endemism (species confined to a particular region), and are under constant threat.
Concepts of hot spots of biodiversity was developed by Norman Myers in 1988. He identified them priority areas for in situ conservation. Certain areas in various parts of world are known with mega biodiversity of species. India contributes about 8 per cent of global biodiversity, although it bears only 2.4 per cent of land area of world. These areas are particularly rich in floral wealth and endemism, not only in flowering plants but also in reptiles, amphibians, butterflies and some mammals.
Criteria for identifying the hot spots are:
1. Number of endemic species (species confined only to that area).
2. Degree of threat.
Number of hot spots (covering about 1.4 per cent of land area) identified are 25. Few important are: Brazil’s cerrado. Central Chile, California floristic province, Madagascar, Eastern arc and coastal forests of Tanzania/ Kenya, West African forests. Cape floristic province. Succulent karoo, Mediterranean basin, Caucasus, Indo- Burma, South Central China, etc.
Out of above 25, 15 are reported in tropical forests, 5 in mediterranean type zones, 9 of islands. 16 are found in tropics. About 20 per cent of human population is inhabited in hot spot areas. Out of 25 hot spots two are found in India.
a. Eastern Himalyan Hot Spot:
Its boundary extends from North Eastern India to Bhutan. It is specially rich in some endemic plants. Many primitive families like Magnoliaceae and Winteraceae are represented here. Some plants of interest found here are Magnolia and Betula. Here temperate forests are found at height of 1780-3500 metres. Many deep valleys are also present here.
b. Western Ghat Hot Spot:
Such evergreen forests lie at height of about 500-1500 metres in states like Karnataka, Maharashtra and Kerela. Two main centres of biodiversity are Agasthyamalai hills and silent valley.
2. Biogeographical Regions of India :
Biogeography is the study of origin, environmental relationship and distribution of plants and animals.
Strong equations have been suggested between various geographical factors and the extent of biodiversity. For instance, as a general rule, the larger the size of an area, the greater the number of species found in. it. Indeed, even in the case of the population of a single species, a larger spread is more likely to-lead to diverse adaptations among different populations and thereby to speciation.
This is one overwhelming justification for larger-sized conservation areas-though of course it is also true that a number of smaller protected areas in more diverse areas could help to conserve a larger biodiversity. Other geographical variables include latitude, elevation, and precipitation.
Elevation is inversely related, with higher diversities found at lower heights, and very poor diversity at the upper extreme of altitude. India has a mixture of wild and cultivated habitats, giving rise to highly specialized biodiversity which is specific to the confluence of two or more habitats.
Following 10 biogeographical regions have been identified in India:
1. Trans-Himalaya with 2 provinces.
2. Himalaya with 4 provinces.
3. Desert (Kutch and Thar) with 2 provinces.
4. Semi-arid zone with 2 provinces.
5. Western-Ghats with 2 provinces.
6. Deccan Pennisula with 5 provinces.
7. Gangetic plain with 2 provinces.
8. North East India with 2 provinces.
9. Indian Islands with 2 provinces.
10. Marine coasts with 3 provinces.
3. India as Biocentre of Origin of Cultivated Plants :
India is one of the 12 centres of ‘origin of cultivated plants’. India has been considered as the origin place of 167 cultivated plant species and more than 320 their wild relatives. India is centre of origin of 30,000 – 50,000 varieties of rice, sugarcane, turmeric, ginger, mango, pigeon-pea etc.
4. World Heritage Sites :
India is home to 5 world heritage sites (Table 15.6) and 6 Ramsar wetlands, amongst the protected areas. Heritage sites are the places that attract tourists.
5. There are 33 Botanical gardens, 89 national parks 492 Wildlife Sanctuaries and 14 biosphere reserves in India.
6. About 30% of world’s recorded flora is endemic to India.
7. There are about 47,000 species of plants and 81,000 species of animals identified in India. About 60% of the above diversity has been reported from Western Ghats, which is one of the hot spots of diversity in India. Out of the above 81,000 animal species recorded from India, 372 are mammals, 1228 are birds, 428 reptiles, 200 amphibians, 2550 fishes, about 57,000 insects and 5025 molluscs and many other species of invertebrates.
8. India has 10 biogeographic zones and 26 biotic provinces, which represent all the major ecosystems of the world.
Essay # 3. Biodiversity Conservation Efforts in India:
India is with various biogeographical provinces ranging from the cold deserts of Laddakh and Spiti to the hot deserts of Thar; the temperate forest in Himalayas to the lush green tropical rain forest of the Kerala. In India, there are large fresh-water bodies such as the Wular and the Manasbal lakes in Kashmir, the Chilka in Orissa and Kolleru Lake in Andhra Pradesh and rich coast line and Coral reefs of the Deccan.
Owing to its diverse climate and physical conditions, India has a very rich and varied flora and fauna. There are about 75,000 species of animals, of which 340 species are mammals, 1,200 species of birds, 420 species of reptiles, 140 species of amphibians, 2,000 species of fishes, 5,000 species of insects, 4,000 species of molluscs and other invertebrates.
India has wide diversity of 167 cultivated species and 320 wild relatives of crop plants.
Some of biodiversity conservation methods adopted in India are:
With an aim to protect, preserve and propagate the varied wildlife, the Government of India (GOI) has taken following steps:
1. Indian Board for Wildlife (IBWL) was constituted in 1952.
The main functions of IBWL are:
(i) To sponser the setting up of national park, sanctuaries and gardens.
(ii) To devise means for protection of wildlife and
(iii) To promote public interest in wildlife.
2. Since 1955, a wildlife week (first week of October) is being observed to educate the people about the importance and need of conservation of wildlife.
3. In 1972, a Wildlife (Protection) Act was established.
(a) Hunting and trade of the products of useful animal wildlife should be regulated.
(b) Trade in rare and endangered species should be banned.
(c) National parks and sanctuaries should be created. This act has been adopted by all the states except Jammu and Kashmir which has its own similar act.
4. National Wildlife Action Plan was introduced in 1983-84. It requires rehabilitation of endangered species by captive breeding.
5. Creation of National parks and Biosphere reserves was started in 1986.
6. Certain private societies like the Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) and the Wildlife Preservation Society of India (WPSI) were started for the conservation of wild life. WPSI was established in 1958 with its headquarter at Dehra Dun while BNHS is a nongovernment body dedicated to cause of nature conservation and was established in 1983.
7. Botanical Survey of India (BSD and Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) have been established. These have their own wildlife protection programmes.
8. Wild life study has been incorporated in the school and college curricula to aware the students about the need of conservation of wildlife.
9. A new breeds of sleuths, wildlife forensic scientists, is emerging in India, to curb rising crimes against wildlife supported by a booming international trade in wildlife parts. A wildlife forensic unit has been set up recently at Wildlife Institute of India (WII) at Dehra Dun.
10. National Bureau of Plant, Animal and Fish Genetic Resources. It has number of programmes to collect and conserve germplasm of plants and animals in seed gene banks and field gene banks conservation.
Essay # 4. People and Government’s Participation in Biodiversity Conservation:
As we gradually become aware of how serious biodiversity losses have become, we are slowly laws and treaties to protect these assets. This task of conservation needs the participation of users and stakeholder. Simply identifying species at risk cannot initiate protection. People are to be educated in this regard. They will have to conserve this biodiversity. Government of India is signatory to Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). CBD was established in 1992- 93 after the Earth Summit in Rio de Janerio.
The aims of CBD are:
(i) To conserve the biodiversity.
(ii) To use the biodiversity and its components in a sustainable way.
(iii) Equitable distribution of benefits of biodiversity.
i. Government of India passed Biodiversity Bill in December 2003. It seeks checking of biopiracy. It will prevent the use of India biodiversity by foreigners with giving share to India. The main aim of this legislation is to protect the Indian biodiversity.
ii. A Biodiversity Board has been formed with its head office at Chennai. It will ensure the proper and legitimate use of Indian biodiversity with aiming at equitable sharing of benefits.
iii. In Puttavam Village in Kerala declared their complete control on biodiversity of their area (1996). They formed a Forum of Protection of People’s Biodiversity and prepared a list of all species found in their area.
iv. Few other organisation working for conservation of Biodiversity are:
(a) The Foundation of Revitalization of Local Health Tradition, Bangalore.
(b) The Centre for Indian Knowledge System Chennai.
(c) Beej Baehao Andolan, Tehri Garhwal.
(d) The Green Foundation, Bangalore.
Women can also play important role in this regard. In areas where women are mainly working as food producers, they have major involvement in preservation and maintenance of quality seed.
Additional Information:
1. There are more than 20,000 species of ants, 3,00,000 species of beetles, 28,000 species of fishes and 20,000 species of orchids.
2. According to Edward Wilson (a sociobiologist), biodiversity is the combined diversity at all the levels of biological organisation.
3. India has more than 50,000 genetically different strains of rice and 1,000 varieties of mango.
4. Potency and concentration of resperine in plant Rau- wolfia vomitoria differs in different Himalayan ranges.
5. Western Ghats exhibit more amphibian species diversity when compared with Eastern Ghats.
6. Ecological diversity in India bears greater ecosystem than Scandinavian country like Norway with its deserts, rainforests, coral reefs, wetlands, mangroves etc.
7. Insects, among animals show species richness of total i.e. out of every 10 animals, 7 are insects.
8. Number of fungi species is higher than total number of fishes, amphibians, reptiles and mammals.
9. India bears 8.1 per cent of all global species diversity. However, it has only 2.4 per cent of total world’s land area.
10. As per estimate given by Robert May, about 1,00,000 plant species and about 3,00,000 animal species are yet to be discovered in India. Because according to Robert May only 22 per cent of total species have been studied so far.
11. India is one of the 12 mega diversity nations of the world.
12. When one moves from equator to poles, number of species become less and less.
13. In tropics (latitudinal range of 23.5° N to 23.5°S) species richness is higher than temperate or polar regions
14. Tropical areas, having high rainfall throughout the year, so with high relative humidity are with evergreen forests and abundant fauna.
15. In areas with heavy rainfall during summer and low during winter are characterized by grasslands.
16. Loss of biodiversity is responsible for:
(i) Decreasing rate of plant population
(ii) More susceptibility to environmental disturbances like drought
(iii) Increased variability in processes like plant productivity, water use and pest and disease cycles.
17. Steller’s sea cow and passenger pigeon have become extinct due to human over exploitation
18. Altitudinal Zones. As many as four temperature based terrestrial altitudinal zones are differentiated in Himalayas, each having specific vegetation type: alpine (having Rhodendron, Juniperus), temperate (mainly conifers, oaks and Magnolia), tropical and subtropical zones (having mixed forests, bamboos, sal, etc.).
19. Latitudinal Zones. As many as six temperature based terrestrial latitudinal zones are differentiated north of equator, each being characterized by a specific vegetation type e.g. Snow, tundra, coniferous.
20. Colombia located near the equator exhibit 1,400 species of birds. New York has 105 bird species at 41”N and in Greenland 56 bird species have been reported with its location at 71°N. India lying mainly in tropical latitude bears 1,200 bird species.
21. Most species rich area is Amazonian rain forest in South America with:
(i) Plants: 40,000 species
(ii) Fishes: 3,000 species
(iii) Birds: 1,300 species
(iv) Mammals: 427 species
(v) Amphibians: 427 species
(vi) Reptiles: 378 species
(vii) Invertebrates: 1,25,000 species
22. Amazon forests are producing 20 per cent of total oxygen by process of photosynthesis.
23. In edemism, species is confined to a specific region and not found at any other place.
24. Tilman in his experiments found that plots with more species richness exhibited little variation in total biomass. He found increased biodiversity leads to higher biomass production.
25. Few examples of recent extinctions are: Dodo (Mauritius), Quagga (Africa), Thylacine (Australia), Steller’s sea cow (Russia) and Bali, Javan and Caspian species of tiger.
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Ethnic diversity of assam – apsc mains essay.
(Essay submitted in APSC Mains Essay Writing Contest 2019 – Essay Topics for week 1)
Ethnic Diversity of Assam
By Sumita Duara
Assam – the land of the red river & blue hills tucked in the northeastern part of India has been a melting pot of diverse ethnic communities since ages and is an amalgamation of multi-ethnic, multi linguistic & multi-religious groups.
To understand the diversity that is Assam, one has to understand her physiographic location. The state is bounded by seven states & has international borders with Bhutan & Bangladesh. Several geographical barriers also bound the state. To the north lie the eastern Himalayas. The lushai (mizo) hills, Chittagong hill tract & Hill Tippera lie to the south. To the northeast lies the patkai bum hill, which serves as a border between Assam & Myanmar. Though surrounded by hills yet it is estimated that eleven major ethno linguistic migrations occurred through these mountainous terrains. Thus, an amalgamation of races as Austric, Mongolian, Dravidian and Aryans has shaped Assam into the ethnically diverse land.
History of migration :
According to B.S Guha the eminent anthropologist, the earliest settlers of the land are the Mon Khmer speakers from South East Asia who are now identified as the Khasis & Synteng (Jaintia) groups. Then came the Tibeto –Burmese tribes of the Eastern Himalayas; and are today identified as the Mishings & Deuris; the Bodos & Kacharis ; the Karbis.
The next wave of migration occurred in the proto historic era from North India with the arrival of the Indo Aryans in around 500 BC and then migrants from the Gangetic plains of the Bengal occupied the Barak valley. Towards the end of the ancient period the defeated soldiers of Bakhtiyar Khilji settled in the Hajo area, becoming the first Islamic settlers in the state.
The Ahoms under the leadership of Sukaphaa crossed into Assam through Pangsu pass in the Patkai bam from Myanmar. With them came the Buddhists of the same ethnicity who are recognized as the Khamtis, Phake, Turung & Khamtang people.
The year 1826 saw the first anglo-burmese war and the signing of the Yandaboo treaty; this led to political instability & the migration of the Kachin & Kuki-Chan people from Myanmar who are at present identified as the Singphos & the Kuki chin tribes respectively.
With the advent of the colonialists came the service providers from the states of Bengal, Rajasthan. And to tend to the burgeoning tea plantations the britishers bought the tribesman from the tribal heartland of India as indentured labourers.
Present Scenario:
The Indian constitution has recognized 23 tribes in the state, with 14 of them being hill dwelling tribes (Chakma, Dimasa, Garo,Hajong,Hmar,Khasi & Jaintias, Lakher, Maan, Karbi, Pawi,Synteng, Kukis, Nagas ,Mizos) & the rest 9 (Barman, Bodo,Deori,Hojai,Sonowal Kachari,Tiwa ,Mech, Mising & Rabha) reside in the plains. The ethnic diversity of the land can be enumerated from the very fact that languages spoken in the state belong to three main language groups: Indo-Aryan, Austro-Asiatic, & Tibeto-Burman.
The tea tribe of Assam is an umbrella term for 109 tribes (Bhonda, Chamar, Goala, Tanti etc). Adding the Hindu Aryans, Islamic & Sikh settlers and migrants from the states of mainland India in search of a livelihood;to the milieu is what makes the land of the Brahmaputra a mosaic society with people living in harmony since times immemorial.
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Biodiversity of Assam
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms at all levels of organization, from gene through species to higher taxonomic forms and also includes the variety of ecosystems and habitats as well the processes occurring therein. Biodiversity is fundamental to the fulfillment of human needs – a biodiversity rich region offers wide options and opportunities for sustaining human welfare including adoption to changes.
India is one of the 17 Mega biodiverse countries in the world and accounts for 7-8 % of the recorded species. The State of Assam is a constituent unit of the Eastern Himalayan Biodiversity Region; one of the two biodiversity “Hot Spots” in the country. The climatic condition and wide variety in physical features witnessed in Assam have resulted in a diversity of ecological habitats such as forests, grasslands ,wetlands, which harbour and sustain wide ranging floral and faunal species placing
The Bio-spectrum
The climatic conditions cause prevalence of not and highly humid weather in this part of country and coupled with heterogenic physiography make possible luxuriant growth of a number of plant communities imparting Assam a distinct identity phyto-geographically, many a species are endemic to this region and it is also the center of origin for commercially important plants including Banana, Citrus, Mango, Zizyphus, and Tea. The array of floristic richness has prompted many a scholars to describe Assam as the “Biological Gateway” of North East. The eminent Plant Taxonomist and Plant Geographer Armen L. Takhtajan observed, “Cradle of flowering plants lies in between Assam and Fiji”.
Diverse Plant Communities
In the “Revised Survey of Forest Types in India”, Champion and Seth categorized as many as fifty one different forest types/ sub types for this region. But, the species diversity is so spectacular that it becomes often difficult to clearly identify separate riche to existing plant formations. However, broadly speaking the forest in Assam can be described into following types/ sub types.
- Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests.
- Tropical Semi Evergreen Forests.
- Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests.
- Co-ordinate the activities of the Biodiversity Management Committees;
- Sub-tropical Broadleaf Hill Forests.
- Sub-tropical Pine Forests.
- Littoral and Swamp Forests.
- Grassland and Savannahs .
Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests are found in the districts of Golaghat, Jorhat, Sibsagar, Tinsukia, Dibrugarh and in a narrow stretch in Lakhimpur and Dhemaji districts along foot hills. These forests also occur in the southern part of the State at lower elevations in Borail Range, and in Loharbund, Sonai, Longai and Dholia Reserve Forests in Cachar and Karimganj Districts.
Hollong (Dipterocarpus macrocarpus), the tallest tree of Assam and also the “State Tree” is the most predominant constituent of these forests. The associated species are Borpat, Jutuli, Sam, Dewa sam, Nahar, Teeta chap, Bhelu, Mekai etc.
Forests in Southern Assam have, however, Dipterocarpus terbinatus(Garjan) in association with Mesua ferrea (Nahar), Mesua floribunda (Bolong), Michelia glabra (Champ), Palaquium polyanthum (Kathalua) etc.
Tropical Semi Evergreen Forests occur mostly in Hallangapar, Abhoypur, Dilli, Dhansiri, Kholahat, Mayong, Garbhanga, Rani, Mahamaya, Guma, Haltugaon, Kachugaon, Gali, Pobha, Ranga, Kakoi, Nauduar, Batasipur, Dohalia, Singla, Longai, Bhuban Pahar, Sonai, Barak and Inner Line Reserve Forests along Northern and Southern parts of the State.
These forests have mostly medium size trees with few large trees. Shrubs, lianas, climbers, orchids and ferns grow copiously. At the fringe bamboos and canes occupy the space.
Species association and frequency of their occurrence vary from forest to forest, but the ones commonly found are Actinodaphne obovata (Petarichawa), Aesculus species (Ramanbih), Artocarpus chama(Sam), Albizia species(Siris, Sau, Koroi), Anthocephalus chinensis (Kadam), Duabanga grandiflora (Khakan), Castonopsis species (Hingori, Dhobahingori, Kanchan),Dillenia indica (Ou-tenga), Bauhinia purpurea (Kanchan), Lagerstroemia species(Jarul, Ajar,Sidha), Magnolia species(Phulsopa, Gahorisopa, Pansopa, Kharikasopa, Kathalsopa, Duleesopa),Mallotus species(Sinduri, Joral, Dudhloti, Buritokan), Michelia champaca(Teeta campa), Syzygium species(Paharijam, Mokrajam, Berjamu, Kolajamu, Bogijamu, golapjamu). Schima wallichii (Bolem,Ghugra), Terminalia species, (Hilikha, Bohera, Bhomora), Trewia nudiflora(Bhelkor), Hatipolia, Holok etc.
Moist Deciduous Forests can further be described as Sal Forests and Mixed Deciduous Forests. Sal Forests occupy considerable forest area in the Central and Lower parts of the State in the Districts of Nagaon, Morigaon, Kamrup, parts of Nalbari and Barpeta, Darrang, Dhubri, Kokrajhar and Goalpara.
In these forests, Sal grows in association with Lagerstroemia species(Jarul, Ajar), Schima Wallichii(Ghugra), Stereospermum personatum (Paruli), Adina cordifolia (Haldu), Artocarpus species (Sam), Ficus species(Bor, Dimoru, Dhupbor, Bot, Athabor, tengabor, Lotadioru, Khongaldimoru), Bischofia javanica (Uriam), Gmelina arborea (Gomari), Michelia champaca(Teeta champa), Terminalia species (Hilikha, Bhomora, Bohera). Toona ciliate (Poma) etc.
Moist Deciduous Mixed Forests occur at the foot of hills in Lakhimpur, Dhemaji, Karbi-Angong and N. C. Hills districts. Trees are mostly deciduous with Sprinkling of few evergreen and semi-evergreen species. Important plant species growing in these forests include Adina cordifolia9 Haldu), Albizia species(Siris, Kolasiris, Koroi, Sau) Alstonia scholaris(Satiana), Artocarpus chama (Sam), Careya arborea(Kumbhi), Dalbergia species(Sissoo, Medelua), Ficus species (Bot, Bor, Dimoru), Lagerstroemia species (Jarul, Ajar), Mallotu species (Senduri, Joral, Dudhloti) etc.
These forest harbour rich diversity of shrubby and herbaceous ground vegetation. Some of the Reserve Forests also have teak plantations.
Bordering Moist Deciduous Forests in rain shadow areas are found forests which has been referred to as “Dry Forests” by Kanjilal. This type of forests are encountered in the Lumding, Langting, Mailongdisa Reserve Forests. A typical example is the Umananda Island in the middle of Brahmaputra North of Guwahati. Important species include, Aegle marmelos(Bel), Albizia species(Siris), Cassia fistula(Sonaru), Bombax (Simul), Alstonia scholaris(Satiana), Ficus species(Bor), Litsea species(Loban, Bagnola, Mezankori, Honwalu,Digloti) Melia azedarach(Neem), Moringa oleifera(Sajana), Orosylum indicum(Bhatgila), Mallotus species(Senduri), Terminalia species(Hilikha,Bhomora) etc.
Sub-tropical Broad Leaf Hills forests and Sub-tropical Pine forests occur in the districts of Karbi-Anglong and N. C. Hills. Species commonly occurring are Alseodaphne petiolaris(Ban-hanwalu), Antidesma bunius, Betula alnoides, Cleidon speciflorum etc. Higher up pure stands of Pinus kesiya(Khasi-pine) are found particularly in the Hamren sub-division in Karbi-Anglong district.
Grass land and Savannahs are grass dominated biomes and form the major part of vegetation in Kaziranga National Park, Pobitora, Orang, Sonai-Rupai, Laokhowa, Barnadi, Burachapori, Dibru-Saikhowa Wildlife Sanctuaries and some part in Manas National Park. Grasslands support important wildlife population in Assam. Important grasses are Apluda mutica, Phragmatis karka, Sclerostachya fusca, Saccharum species etc. These species grow gregariously at the onset of monsoon and grow even upto 6 meters tall.
Littoral and Swamp forests have almost lost their identity because of biotic pressure on land. Presently sedges and grasses form the largest component of vegetation. Important species include Ageratum conyzoides, Alocasia species, Alpinia species., Amaranthus species., Bacopa species., Blumea species., Bombax species., Crotolaria species. etc.
The orchids of Assam
In Assam as many as 293 species of Orchids are reported which represent 44.39% of North.East species and 24.42% of species occurring in India.
Orchids as a group of flowering plants exhibit wide range of habits and have specific macro climatic requirements for their growth, development and regeneration. Assam orchids show all the habits and growth forms found in Orchidaceous taxa. Mostly they are epiphytes. Goodyera procera and Spiranthis sinesis are adapted to aquatic habitant whereas Vanilla pilifera and Galeola altissima are climbers.
Orchids grow to their magnificent best in the Evergreen and Semi- Evergreen forest and to some extent in Moist Deciduous forests.
Species belonging to genera Acanthephippium, Anoectochilus, Apostasia, Agrostophyllum, Coelogyne, Cymbidium, Dendrobium, Eria, Oberonia,, Calanthe, Eulophia, Geodorum, Habenaria, Malaxis, Nephelaphyllum, Vanilla, Zeuxine, Didymoplexis, Galeola, Bulbophyllum, Camarotis are the commonly found orchids.
Bamboos in Assam
Bamboos have gained considerable importance in the socio-economic life of people in Assam for the variety of uses they cater to. Altogether 38 naturally growing species of bamboo are recorded in Assam of which Bamboosa masrtersei is restricted in distribution to Dibrugarh district. Bamboosa cacharensis, Dinochlora compactiflora, D.india are restricted to Barak Valley. Chimnobabusa griffithiana and Oxetenanthera parviflora are restricted in distribution to N.C.Hills. Bambusa rangaensis grows wild in the Ranga R.F. of Lakhimpur district. Bamboosua vulgaris is the introduced species cultivated throughout Assam as ornamental plant.
Bambusa jaintiana and Melocanna arundiana are the species reported only from Assam.
There are no exclusive bamboo forest in the plains of Assam, bamboo grooves are found mostly along the edge of Reserve Forests. But pure bamboo forests occur in N.C Hills and Karbi Anglong districts predominated with Melocanna baccifera and Chimnobambusa griffithiana.
Bamboo is cultivated widely in Assam and every household grows bamboo in its bari land. Commonly cultivated species are Bambusa balcooa (Bhaluka bamboo), Bambusa tulda (Jati bamboo), Malocanna bacciferra (Muli bamboo), Dendrocalamus hamiltonii (Koko bamboo) and Dendrocalamus giganteus (Mokalm bamboo).
Cane Diversity
14 species of cane grow in cane brakes in forests of Assam. Calamus flagellum, Calamus floribunadus, Calamus latifolius are found widely distributed throughout Assam. Plectomia assamica and Plectomia bractealis are endemic species.
Medicinal Plant diversity
Assam is home to a good number of plants having medicinal uses in Aurvedic, Unani, Homeopathic and even modern medical practices. Quite a few of them are used by traditional village practitioners called Bej and people respond favourably to these traditional practitioners particularly in rural areas. Altogether, 952 plants species have been identified which have uses in medical practices in some form or other. Asparagus racemosa (Satmul), Curcuma aromatica (Ban-haldi), Emblica officinalis (Bel), Terminalia species (Hilikha, Bahera), Eugenia jambolana(Loha-jam),Garcina species (Thekera), Holarrhina antidysentrica (Dudhkuri), Hydnocarpus kurzii (Chalmugra), Litsea cubeba (Mejankuri), Ocimum species.(Tulsi), Phlogocanthus thyrsiflorus (Titaphul), Piper longum (Pipoli), Saraca indica (Asoka), Wedelia calandulacea (Mahabhringraj), Zinziber officinalis (Ada) are some of the most commonly used plants in treatment of various aliments. But the list is not exhaustive.
Wetlands and Aquatic Plant Diversity
Assam has more fresh water wetlands then any other state in the North Eastern Region. The two major drainage systems of Assam-the Brahmaputra and the Barak and in the flood plains of these river systems exist patches of marshy depressions and swamps as well as perennial water bodies of varying shape, size and depth called locally as beels, haors, jalah, doloni, hola, pitoni etc. Man made tanks like Joysagar, Sibsagar, Dighalipukhuri, Jorpukhuri, Hazarapukhuri, Rajhuwa Borpukhuri etc. were also dug by ancient Rulers of Assam. There are an estimated 3513 beels and hoars, 1,85,623 ponds and tanks and one reservoir in Assam. Deepor beel near Guwahati is a Ramsar site. Besides Deepor beel and some others mentioned above wetlands of importantce are Chandubi, Rata, Sohola, Taralipather, Phokolai, Mer, Sonbeel, Jamjing, Sagunpara, Motapung, Sarlane, Sareswar, Roumari, Khalihamari, Goranga, Sapekhati, Koladuar etc.
The aquatic plants species of Assam belongs to diverse habits and have distinctive characteristics. More than 100 such aquatic species have been identified and they can be described into following broad categories.
- Free floating hydrophytes: Eichhornia cressipes, Pistia stratioles, Lemna mino etc.
- Suspended submersed hydrophytes: Ceratophyllum demersum, Utricularia gibba etc.
- Anchored submerged hydrophytes: Hydrilla, Potomogeton, vallisnaria etc.
- Anchored hydrophytes with floating leaves: Nelumbo, Euryle etc.
- Anchored hydrophytes with floating shoots: Ludwigia, Ipomea etc.
- Emergent amphibious hydrophytes: Sagittaria, Scrirpus.
- Wetland hydrophytes: Cyperus, Hygrophylla etc.
Endemic Flora
Endemic flora are plants which occur in a restricted area. Altogether 165 species of plants have been recorded which are restricted in distribution to certain pockets in Assam, though some of them show extended destruction in the N.E. Region and elsewhere in India. However about 100 such species have distribution restricted to Assam only. These include trees e.g. Accacia gageana, Adiantum assamicum, Alseodaphne andersonii, Alseodaphane khasyana, Angiopteris assamica, Cedrela fabrifuga, Cinnamomum cacharensis, Coelogyne assamica, Combretum wallichii, Dinochloa indica, Diospyros cacharensis, Dipterocarpus mannii, Eugenia cyanophylla, bamboos e.g. Bambusa cacharensis, Bambusa mastersii, Chimnobambusa griffitheana, orchids e.g. Bulbophyllum elassonotum, Bulbophyllum vireus, Dendrobium assamicum etc.
Rare and Endangered Species
From all available account following categories of threatened plants recognized by the IUCN have been reported from Assam.
Extinct: Bambusa mastersii, Cleisostoma arietinum, Cyperus corymbosus, Dendrobium assamicum, Dendrobium aurantiacum, Hetaeria anomala, Liparis stachyurus and Sapria himalayana. Paphiopedilum specerianum is reported to be extinct in wild.
Besides the above; 284 species of plants are observed to be critically endangered, 149 species as endangered, 58 species as vulnerable, 13 species as near threatened.
The Rich Faunal Diversity
Assam is part of the transitional zone between the Indian, Indo- Malayan and Indo- Chinese Biographical regions. Favourable climate, topographic and edaphic factors support luxuriant growth of diverse plant communities and create varied habitats . The Wet Evergreen, Semi-Evergreen, Moist Deciduous, Wet Savannah and riparian forest as well as extensive network of river systems and swamps, marshes and wetlands provide ideal conditions and suitable habitat for sustenance of wide variety of fauna be it mammals, primates, reptiles, amphibians, fishes, mollusks, birds, butterflies, moths etc. With existence of one of the most diverse faunal population; Assam provides the gateway for spread of both oriental and Palaearctic fauna to other parts of the country.
Mammalian Diversity
Assam forms the western most boundary for the Indo-Chinese species including primates and the easternmost limit of several peninsular mammalian fauna. The distributional extent of several Indian species including clawless otter, the spotted deer, the swamp deer, the stone marlin, the hispid hare, the great Indian one horned rhinoceros, the pigmy hog etc. have terminated in Assam plains. The distributional range of several Indo-Chinese fauna gets its sustenance from this region. Mention can be made of its sustenance from this region. Mention can be made of such species like clouded leopard, the marbled cat, the golden cat, the spotted linsang, the large Indian civet, the binturong, the crab eating mongoose, the ferret badger, the hog badger, the hoary bamboo rat, the bay bamboo rat etc .Assam is home to all the primate species found in the North Eastern region. Besides, many of the relict mammalian fauna of peninsular India particularly those occurring in the Western Ghats have close relationship with Assam and N.E region and therefore undoubtedly Assam holds a key place in the evolutionary process of divergence of mammalian fauna in India.
Assam’s mammalian diversity is represented by 193 species which are widely distributed in this region. But of late some of the species like one horned rhinoceros, water buffalo, pigmy hog, swamp deer, golden langur, hoolock gibbon have their distribution limited to isolated pockets and protected areas.
Primate Diversity
Out of 15 Indian primate species 9 are found in Assam. Hoolock gibbon is the only ape found in India. The other primate species are golden langur, capped monkey, rhesus macaque, pigtail macaque, stump tailed macaque, Assamese macaque, and slow Lorries. Golden langur or “Sonali Bandar” as it is known locally is confined between Sankosh river in the west; Manas in the east; Brhmaputra in the south and mountains in Bhutan in the north. Pigtail macaque and stumped tailed macaque locally known as Gahorinejia Bandar and “ Senduiria Bandar” respectively are distributed in the Eastern, central and southern part of the state. Rhesus macaque, capped monkey and Assamese macaque are more or less distributed through the State. Assamese macaque and Rhesus monkeys are also found in villages and in urban areas.
Most of the primates are predominately arborcal in nature but Rhesus monkey, Assamese macaque and stump tailed macaque are partly terrestrial also.
Slow Lorries is the only prosimian found in Assam and the N.E. region. Locally known as “Lajuki Bandar” they are solitary animals and obligate canopy dwellers.
Because of the habitant loss and fragmentation the primates are facing serious threat to their survival.
Avian Diversity
Assam is one of the “endemic bird areas” in the world. With 950 bird species the State is home to 53.5% of the bird species found in the Indian Sub-Continent, 17 species of birds are endemic to Assam and include Manipur Bush Quail, Marsh Babbler, Snowy throated Babbler, Tawny breasted Wren Babbler, Blyth’s Tragopan, Beautiful Sibia, Grey sibia, Black breasted Parrotbill, Chestrunt breasted partridge, Rusty breasted shortwig etc. 45 species of birds from Assam find mention in the Indian Red Data Book and include white winged wood duck, Blyth’s Tragopan, Greater Adjutant, lesser Adjutant, Leser whitefronted Goose, Merbled Teal, Beer’s Pochard, Palla’s Sea Eagle, Greater spotted Eagle, Green Peafowl, White rumped vulture, longbilled vulture etc.
Reptilian Diversity:
Assam’s varied physiography and habitant conditions support a rich variety of reptilian population. Gangetic gharial, 19 species of tortoises and 77 species of snakes and lizards are found in the state.
Amphibian Diversity:
Assam and other parts of the N.E. region have 70 species of Amphibions reported from the region.. Gangenophis fulleri and Ichthyphis garoensis are endemic to Assam.
Fish Diversity:
The Brahmaputra and Barak river system along with their tributaries and flood plain wetlands locally known as beels provide very condusive habitant for an array of fish species, Assam and other parts of N.E. region is recognized as one of the hot spots of fresh water fish biodiversity. 197 food, sports and ornamental fish species are reported from the region of which 185 are reported from Assam. The important ornamental fish species are colisa, Nemacheilus, Danio, Botia and Chaca. Commercially important fish species include, Rohu, Ktla, Pabha,Pabda Chital, Magur, Singi, Sol, etc. Over exploitation is posing serious threats to fish diversity and 25 species are identified as threatened.
Molluscan Diversity:
The river systems and extensive flood plains also harbour fresh water mollusks. So far 39 species of freshwater snails have been reported from Assam of which 10 species are used as food.
Butterfly Diversity:
These are amongst most beautiful creatures on earth. Around 1500 species of butterflies are reported from India of which nearly half are reported from Assam and N.E. India. The Swallowtail butterflies occupy an important place and the IUCN has identified the entire N.E. Region as Swallowtail rich zone under “Swallowtail Conservation Action Plan”.
Butterflies play an important role in pollination of plants and besides being important aesthetically they play important role in biodiversity conservation.
Diversity of Moths:
Moths are also beautiful creatures and in Assam about 387 species of moths are reported. Most of the moth species are distributed throughout the State.
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Biodiversity of Assam
Biodiversity of assam, a state in north-east india / from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, dear wikiwand ai, let's keep it short by simply answering these key questions:.
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The biodiversity of Assam ( Assamese : অসমৰ জৈৱবৈচিত্ৰ ), a state in North-East India , makes it a biological hotspot with many rare and endemic plant and animal species. The greatest success in recent years has been the conservation of the Indian rhinoceros at the Kaziranga National Park , but a rapid increase in human population in Assam threatens many plants and animals and their natural habitats.
The rhinoceros, tiger, deer or chital / futukihorina ( Axis axis ), swamp deer or dolhorina ( Cervus duvauceli duvauceli ), clouded leopard ( Neofelis nebulosa ), hoolock gibbon , pygmy hog or nol-gahori ( Porcula salvania ), hispid hare , golden langur ( Trachypithecus geei ), golden cat , giant civet , binturong , hog badger , porcupine , and civet are found in Assam. Moreover, there are abundant numbers of Gangetic dolphins , mongooses , giant squirrels and pythons . The largest population of wild water buffalo anywhere is in Assam. [1]
The major birds in Assam include the blue-throated barbet or hetuluka ( Megalaima asiatica ), white-winged wood duck or deuhnah ( Asarcornis scultulata ), Pallas's fish eagle or kuruwa ( Haliaeetus leucoryphus ), great pied hornbill or rajdhonesh ( Buceros bicornis homrai ), Himalayan golden-backed three-toed wood-pecker or barhoituka ( Dinopium shorii shorii ), and migratory pelican.
Assam is also known for orchids and for valuable plant species and forest products.
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Back to main page, biodiversity of assam – flora & fauna.
- 20864 views
- Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms at all levels of organization, from gene through species to higher taxonomic forms and also includes the variety of ecosystems and habitats as well the processes occurring therein.
- Biodiversity is fundamental to the fulfillment of human needs – a biodiversity rich region offers wide options and opportunities for sustaining human welfare including adoption to changes.
- India is one of the 17 Mega biodiverse countries in the world and accounts for 7-8 % of the recorded species. The State of Assam is a constituent unit of the Eastern Himalayan Biodiversity Region; one of the two biodiversity “Hot Spots” in the country.
- The climatic condition and wide variety in physical features witnessed in Assam have resulted in a diversity of ecological habitats such as forests, grasslands, wetlands, which harbour and sustain wide ranging floral and faunal species.
The Orchids of Assam
- In Assam as many as 293 species of Orchids are reported which represent 44.39% of North East species and 24.42% of species occurring in India.
- Orchids as a group of flowering plants exhibit wide range of habits and have specific macro climatic requirements for their growth, development and regeneration.
- Assam orchids show all the habits and growth forms found in Orchidaceous taxa. Mostly they are epiphytes. Goodyera procera and Spiranthis sinesis are adapted to aquatic habitant whereas Vanilla pilifera and Galeola altissima are climbers.
- Orchids grow to their magnificent best in the Evergreen and Semi- Evergreen forest and to some extent in Moist Deciduous forests. Species belonging to genera Acanthephippium, Anoectochilus, Apostasia, Agrostophyllum, Coelogyne, Cymbidium, Dendrobium, Eria, Oberonia,, Calanthe, Eulophia, Geodorum, Habenaria, Malaxis, Nephelaphyllum, Vanilla, Zeuxine, Didymoplexis, Galeola, Bulbophyllum, Camarotis are the commonly found orchids.
Bamboos in Assam
- Bamboos have gained considerable importance in the socio-economic life of people in Assam for the variety of uses they cater to. Altogether 38 naturally growing species of bamboo are recorded in Assam of which Bamboosa masrtersei is restricted in distribution to Dibrugarh district.
- Bamboosa cacharensis, Dinochlora compactiflora, D.india are restricted to Barak Valley. Chimnobabusa griffithiana and Oxetenanthera parviflora are restricted in distribution to N.C.Hills. Bambusa rangaensis grows wild in the Ranga R.F. of Lakhimpur district. Bamboosua vulgaris is the introduced species cultivated throughout Assam as ornamental plant.
- Bambusa jaintiana and Melocanna arundiana are the species reported only from Assam. There are no exclusive bamboo forest in the plains of Assam, bamboo grooves are found mostly along the edge of Reserve Forests. But pure bamboo forests occur in N.C Hills and Karbi Anglong districts predominated with Melocanna baccifera and Chimnobambusa griffithiana.
- Bamboo is cultivated widely in Assam and every household grows bamboo in its bari land. Commonly cultivated species are Bambusa balcooa (Bhaluka bamboo), Bambusa tulda (Jati bamboo), Malocanna bacciferra (Muli bamboo), Dendrocalamus hamiltonii (Koko bamboo) and Dendrocalamus giganteus (Mokalm bamboo).
Cane Diversity
- 14 species of cane grow in cane brakes in forests of Assam. Calamus flagellum, Calamus floribunadus, Calamus latifolius are found widely distributed throughout Assam. Plectomia assamica and Plectomia bractealis are endemic species.
Medicinal Plant diversity
- Assam is home to a good number of plants having medicinal uses in Aurvedic, Unani, Homeopathic and even modern medical practices.
- Quite a few of them are used by traditional village practitioners called Bej and people respond favourably to these traditional practitioners particularly in rural areas.
- Altogether, 952 plants species have been identified which have uses in medical practices in some form or other. Asparagus racemosa Satmul), Curcuma aromatica (Ban-haldi), Emblica officinalis (bel), Terminalia species (Hilikha, Bahera), Eugenia jambolana(Loha-jam),Garcina species (Thekera), Holarrhina antidysentrica (Dudhkuri), Hydnocarpus kurzii (Chalmugra), Litsea cubeba (Mejankuri), Ocimum species.(Tulsi), Phlogocanthus thyrsiflorus (Titaphul), Piper longum (pipoli), Saraca indica (Asoka), Wedelia calandulacea (Mahabhringraj), Zinziber officinalis (Ada) are some of the most commonly used plants in treatment of various aliments.
- But the list is not exhaustive.
Endemic Flora
- Endemic flora is plants which occur in a restricted area. Altogether 165 species of plants have been recorded which are restricted in distribution to certain pockets in Assam, though some of them show extended destruction in the N.E. Region and elsewhere in India.
- However about 100 such species have distribution restricted to Assam only. These include trees e.g. Accacia gageana, Adiantum assamicum, Alseodaphne andersonii, Alseodaphane khasyana, Angiopteris assamica, Cedrela fabrifuga, Cinnamomum cacharensis, Coelogyne assamica, Combretum wallichii, Dinochloa indica, Diospyros cacharensis, Dipterocarpus mannii, Eugenia cyanophylla, bamboos e.g. Bambusa cacharensis, Bambusa mastersii, Chimnobambusa griffitheana, orchids e.g. Bulbophyllum elassonotum, Bulbophyllum vireus, Dendrobium assamicum etc.
Rare and Endangered Species
- From all available account following categories of threatened plants recognized by the IUCN have been reported from Assam.
- Extinct: Bambusa mastersii, Cleisostoma arietinum, Cyperus corymbosus, Dendrobium assamicum, Dendrobium aurantiacum, Hetaeria anomala, Liparis stachyurus and Sapria himalayana.
- Paphiopedilum specerianum is reported to be extinct in wild. Besides the above; 284 species of plants are observed to be critically endangered, 149 species as endangered, 58 species as vulnerable, 13 species as near threatened.
The Rich Faunal Diversity
- Assam is part of the transitional zone between the Indian, Indo- Malayan and Indo- Chinese Biographical regions. Favourable climate, topographic and edaphic factors support luxuriant growth of diverse plant communities and create varied habitats. The Wet Evergreen, Semi-Evergreen, Moist Deciduous, Wet Savannah and riparian forest as well as extensive network of river systems and swamps , marshes and wetlands provide ideal conditions and suitable habitat for sustenance of wide variety of fauna be it mammals, primates, reptiles, amphibians, fishes, mollusks , birds, butterflies, moths etc.
- With existence of one of the most diverse faunal population; Assam provides the gateway for spread of both oriental and Palaearctic fauna to other parts of the country.
- Assam forms the western most boundary for the Indo-Chinese species including primates and the easternmost limit of several peninsular mammalian fauna.
- The distributional extent of several Indian species including clawless otter, the spotted deer, the swamp deer, the stone marlin, the hispid hare, the great Indian one horned rhinoceros, the pigmy hog etc. have terminated in Assam plains. The distributional range of several Indo-Chinese fauna gets its sustenance from this region.
- Mention can be made of its sustenance from this region. Mention can be made of such species like clouded leopard, the marbled cat, the golden cat, the spotted linsang, the large Indian civet, the binturong, the crab eating mongoose, the ferret badger, the hog badger, the hoary bamboo rat, the bay bamboo rat etc.
- Assam is home to all the primate species found in the North Eastern region. Besides, many of the relict mammalian fauna of peninsular India particularly those occurring in the Western Ghats have close relationship with Assam and N.E region and therefore undoubtedly Assam holds a key place in the evolutionary process of divergence of mammalian fauna in India.
- Assam’s mammalian diversity is represented by 193 species which are widely distributed in this region. But of late some of the species like one horned rhinoceros, water buffalo, pigmy hog, swamp deer, golden langur, and hoolock gibbon have their distribution limited to isolated pockets and protected areas.
- Out of 15 Indian primate species 9 are found in Assam. Hoolock gibbon is the only ape found in India. The other primate species are golden langur, capped monkey, rhesus macaque, pigtail macaque, stump tailed macaque, Assamese macaque, and slow Lorries. Golden langur or “Sonali Bandar” as it is known locally is confined between Sankosh river in the west; Manas in the east; Brhmaputra in the south and mountains in Bhutan in the north.
- Pigtail macaque and stumped tailed macaque locally known as Gahorinejia Bandar and “ Senduiria Bandar” respectively are distributed in the Eastern, central and southern part of the state.
- Rhesus macaque, capped monkey and Assamese macaque are more or less distributed through the State.
- Assamese macaque and Rhesus monkeys are also found in villages and in urban areas.
- Most of the primates are predominately arborcal in nature but Rhesus monkey, Assamese macaque and stump tailed macaque are partly terrestrial also.
- Slow Lorries is the only prosimian found in Assam and the N.E. region. Locally known as “Lajuki Bandar” they are solitary animals and obligate canopy dwellers. Because of the habitant loss and fragmentation the primates are facing serious threat to their survival.
- Assam is one of the “endemic bird areas” in the world. With 950 bird species the State is home to 53.5% of the bird species found in the Indian Sub- Continent, 17 species of birds are endemic to Assam and include Manipur Bush Quail, Marsh Babbler, Snowy throated Babbler, Tawny breasted Wren Babbler, Blyth’s Tragopan, Beautiful Sibia, Grey sibia, Black breasted Parrotbill, Chestrunt breasted partridge, Rusty breasted shortwig etc.
- 45 species of birds from Assam find mention in the Indian Red Data Book and include white winged wood duck (Assam’s State Bird), Blyth’s Tragopan, Greater Adjutant, lesser Adjutant, Leser whitefronted Goose, Merbled Teal, Beer’s Pochard, Palla’s Sea Eagle, Greater spotted Eagle, Green Peafowl, White rumped vulture, longbilled vulture etc.
- Assam’s varied physiography and habitant conditions support a rich variety of reptilian population. Gangetic gharial, 19 species of tortoises and 77 species of snakes and lizards are found in the state.
- Assam and other parts of the N.E. region have 70 species of Amphibions reported from the region. Gangenophis fulleri and Ichthyphis garoensis are endemic to Assam.
Fish Diversity
- The Brahmaputra and Barak river system along with their tributaries and flood plain wetlands locally known as beels provide very condusive habitant for an array of fish species, Assam and other parts of N.E. region is recognized as one of the hot spots of fresh water fish biodiversity.
- 197 food, sports and ornamental fish species are reported from the region of which 185 are reported from Assam.
- The important ornamental fish species are colisa, Nemacheilus, Danio, Botia and Chaca. Commercially important fish species include, Rohu, Ktla, Pabha, Pabda Chital, Magur, Singi, Sol, etc. Over exploitation is posing serious threats to fish diversity and 25 species are identified as threatened.
- These are amongst most beautiful creatures on earth. Around 1500 species of butterflies are reported from India of which nearly half are reported from Assam and N.E. India.
- The Swallowtail butterflies occupy an important place and the IUCN has identified the entire N.E. Region as Swallowtail rich zone under “Swallowtail Conservation Action Plan”.
- Butterflies play an important role in pollination of plants and besides being important aesthetically they play important role in biodiversity conservation.
Forest Wealth
- From the point of view of area and products, forest wealth occupies a very significant place for the economic development of the State.
- Every year the forest Department of the Government of Assam earns crores of rupees as State revenues. It may be mentioned here that except for some wood land grants under the tea estate, most of the forests of Assam are owned by the State.
- The acquisition of erstwhile Zamindary forests has brought a substantial part of forest areas to the state control.
- Forest areas under the control of the State fall mainly under the broad categories, namely (i) Reserved Forests, (ii) Unclassed State Forests and (iii) Forests under the control of the Autonomous Bodies in the Hills.
- The Reserved Forests are by far the most important which can be considered for scientific management.
- These forests, besides providing employment and earning handsome revenue to the State, also help for the growth and development of large number of local saw mills, plywood factories, match factory and various other forest-based industries in the State and outside.
- Moreover, most of the forest areas are also rich in respect of their wild life. The out turn of the forest wealth includes timber for various constructional purposes, round wood for bridges and for use by the State Electricity Board, for use in the plywood factories,and lastly as firewood for domestic purposes.
Forest and Tree Cover
- The estimated tree cover in the state is 1,564 sq km which is 1.99% of geographical area of the state. Forest cover in the state is 27,673 sq km that is 35.28% of the geographical area of the state.
- Thus the Forest and tree cover in the state is 29,237 sq km which is 37.27% of the geographical area.
Biodiversity Particulars – Estimated Number of Species
- Flowering Plants – 3017
- Wild Orchids – 193+
- Bamboo – 42
- Mammals – 164+
- Primates – 10
- Bird – 800+ (280 migratory)
- Ambhibians – 60+
- Butterflies – 1500 approx.
- Reptiles – 116 approx.
Pride of Assam Forests
- Assam State Animal – One horned Rhino
- Assam State Plant – White-Winged Wood Duck
- Assam State Tree – Hollong Tree
- Assam State Flower – Kapou Phool (Orchid).
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--> 14 species under ‘threat’ -->
Assam now has its own “threatened species” list of 14 species, comprising seven plant and seven animals.
The list has been prepared by the Assam State Biodiversity Board under Section 38 of the Biological Diversity Act 2002, for the state of Assam.
The seven plant species are Cathcart’s Magnolia, Griffith’s Magnolia, Magnolia, siya nahar, lady’s slipper orchid, Lanceleaf Vatica and cycas.
The animal species are red-headed vulture, Assamese day gecko, tokay gecko, black soft-shelled turtle, narrow-headed soft-shelled turtle, elongated tortoise and brown tortoise.
Of the 14 species, 12 are listed in the Schedule 4 of the Wildlife (Protection) Act.
A board official said the list includes species that have a threat perception based on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (which can be accessed at www.iucnredlist.org), but are not strongly protected under the Wildlife (Protection) Act.
The people’s perceptions of threat for these species have also been taken into account in preparing this list.
“Species such as gecko have been added to the list based on media reports and people’s perception, as the species was facing a threat because of hunting, though studies on population estimation of the species in the wild are not available,” the official said.
The board said the collection of the species of plants and animals mentioned in the threatened list is prohibited, except with the approval of the board.
Permission to collect these species might be applied for only for scientific research, herbariums and museum of scientific and academic institutions, propagation and any scientific investigation.
Under Section 38 of the Biological Diversity Act 2002, the Centre, in consultation with the state government, may from time to time notify any species that is on the verge of extinction or likely to become extinct in the near future, as a “threatened species”.
It can prohibit or regulate collection for any purpose and take appropriate steps to rehabilitate and preserve those species.
The board in 2016 had recommended development of a protocol for declaration of “threatened species” of the state as directed by the Union ministry of environment, forests and climate change.
According to the protocol, a preliminary list of five plants and 30 animal species was prepared based on media reports, people’s perception and scientific publications. The list was advertised in local newspapers and on the website, inviting opinions comments or objections, if any, from eminent citizens and scientific communities, within a time frame of a month on September 2016.
Based on the comments and suggestions, the list was finalised and submitted to the government for forwarding to the Union forest ministry for notification as “threatened species of Assam”.
The board said once such species are brought under the fold of the act by declaring them as “threatened species”, protection of these species against illegal access and trade will become possible.
--> --> -->
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Culture of Assam - Celebrating Assam's Dress, Art, Food, Festivals and More
Traditional dress of assam.
It is not a surprise that Assam is rich in folk music. From the time of the Kamarupa Kingdom followed by Ahom Dynasty, Assamese culture has been influenced by each of its rulers except the British rule which ended the Ahom Dynasty. The indigenous folk music has influenced the folk music of artists like Bhupen Hazarika, Parvati Prasad Baruva, Jayanta Hazarika, Utpalendu Choudhury, Nirmalendu Choudhury and many others. Classical Assamese music is divided into Borgeet and Ojapali which combines narrative singing with dancing. The music of Oja-pali has a raga system of clear traditional orientation.
Art and Craft
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Traditional Jewellery
Customs of Assam
Major occupation in assam.
This post was published by Diya Biswas
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The biodiversity of Assam ( Assamese: অসমৰ জৈৱবৈচিত্ৰ ), a state in North-East India, makes it a biological hotspot with many rare and endemic plant and animal species.
Biodiversity of Assam Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms at all levels of organization, from gene through species to higher taxonomic forms and also includes the variety of ecosystems and habitats as well the processes occurring therein.
Source: Assam State Biodiversity Board. India is one of the 17 Mega biodiverse countries in the world and accounts for 7-8 % of the recorded species. The State of Assam is a constituent unit of the Eastern Himalayan Biodiversity Region; one of the two biodiversity "Hot Spots" in the country. The climatic condition and wide variety in ...
Biodiversity of Assam - Flora & Fauna : Assam Geography Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms at all levels of organization, from gene through species to higher taxonomic forms and also includes the variety of ecosystems and habitats as well the processes occurring therein.
Assam is regarded now as a part of the global-biodiversity hotspot (only 2 in India). It is also a part of the Eastern Himalayas endemic bird area, Assam plains endemic bird area. The geographical causes as to why Assam is rich in biodiversity are- Arunachal Himalayas do not form an extensive snow covered region.
Glimpses of Biodiversity - ASSAM STATE BIODIVERSITY BOARD
1. There are more than 20,000 species of ants, 3,00,000 species of beetles, 28,000 species of fishes and 20,000 species of orchids. 2. According to Edward Wilson (a sociobiologist), biodiversity is the combined diversity at all the levels of biological organisation.
Biodiversity is fundamental to the fulfillment of human needs - a biodiversity rich region offers wide options and opportunities for sustaining human welfare including adoption to changes. India is one of the 17 Mega biodiverse countries in the world and accounts for 7-8 % of the recorded species.
To understand the diversity that is Assam, one has to understand her physiographic location. The state is bounded by seven states & has international borders with Bhutan & Bangladesh. Several geographical barriers also bound the state. To the north lie the eastern Himalayas.
Biodiversity of Assam 24 Aug,2021 monalisa mazumdar Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms at all levels of organization, from gene through species to higher taxonomic forms and also includes the variety of ecosystems and habitats as well the processes occurring therein.
The biodiversity of Assam , a state in North-East India, makes it a biological hotspot with many rare and endemic plant and animal species. The greatest success in recent years has been the conservation of the Indian rhinoceros at the Kaziranga National Park, but a rapid increase in human population in Assam threatens many plants and animals and their natural habitats.
The climatic condition and wide variety in physical features witnessed in Assam have resulted in a diversity of ecological habitats such as forests, grasslands, wetlands, which harbour and sustain wide ranging floral and faunal species. The Orchids of Assam
Ethnic Diversity Of Assam Essay Your Price: .40 per page 1770 Finished Papers 100% Success rate Show Less Jeremy Nursing Management Business and Economics Education +117 Professional Essay Writer at Your Disposal! Quality over quantity is a motto we at Essay Service support.
The list has been prepared by the Assam State Biodiversity Board under Section 38 of the Biological Diversity Act 2002, for the state of Assam. The seven plant species are Cathcart's Magnolia, Griffith's Magnolia, Magnolia, siya nahar, lady's slipper orchid, Lanceleaf Vatica and cycas. The animal species are red-headed vulture, Assamese ...
Known for its rich culture and diverse population, the culture of Assam is a fusion of Indo Burmese, Mongolian and Aryan influences. This beautiful land, known as the 'land of red rivers and blue hills' is a little paradise with untouched natural landscapes worth to be traversed for its pristine beauty.
Key words: Assam University Campus, Cachar, Assam, transects lining, eco-forest. Abstract A preliminary study on the diversity of butterflies was carried out in Assam University campus and its vicinity, Cachar district, Assam, India from June 2013 to May 2014 using transects lining method (Barhaum et al., 1980).
Ethnic Diversity Of Assam Essay We are inclined to write as per the instructions given to you along with our understanding and background research related to the given topic. The topic is well-researched first and then the draft is being written. Accept How do essay writing services work?
Assam is one of the richest bio-diversity zones in North-East region of India. There are number of tropical rain forest in Assam. Morever, there are riverside grass lands, bamboo, orchids, and numerous wetland ecosystems. Among the various hot spots, kaziranga national park is the richest bio-diversity hot spot and it has