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Essay writing
5 learner guides
How to use evidence from a text
You can use direct quotations to make your point about a piece of writing. Learn how to use evidence from a text with BBC Bitesize KS3 English.
How to write an essay
An essay needs to be well structured and carefully planned. Learn how to write an essay with BBC Bitesize KS3 English.
How to write an introduction to an essay
An introduction should outline your key ideas and hook the reader’s interest. Learn how to write an introduction to an essay with BBC Bitesize KS3 English.
How to write a conclusion to an essay
A conclusion is where you link back to the question and briefly restate your main points. Learn how to write a conclusion to an essay with BBC Bitesize KS3 English.
How to compare fiction texts
Stories are made distinct through their settings, genres, characters and use of language. Learn how to compare fiction texts with BBC Bitesize KS3 English.
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Nýggjársrøða løgmans gamlaárskvøld 2022
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Hey!-heftini eru samrøðugrundað og venda sær til vaksin, ið hava føroyskt sum annaðmál.
Tey taka støði í CEFR-førleikastigunum A2 og A2+.
Innihaldið í heftunum hellir seg til…
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PDF-skjøl við uppskriftum í handarbeiði. M.a. kanst tú binda ein bólt, gera ein breyðserviett, brodera eitt bókamerki og gera eina sloyfu.
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Forritarin Linda Luikas hevur skrivað eina røð av barnabókum um smágentuna Ruby, sum fer á ævintýrferð í gandakendu tøknini.
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Hetta er ein avritabók.
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Ítróttur og heilsa C - ástøði í verki er ein grundbók til undirvísing í lærugreinini ítróttur og heilsa á miðnámi. Bókin tekur støði í, at lærugreinin fyrst og fremst er verklig. Kropsligu venjingarnar og spølini eru samantvinnað við ástøðiliga partin. Bókin leggur…
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At skilja tøknina ígjøgnum spæl, hugflog og skapandi menning er grundarsteinurin í bókunum hjá Lindu. Hey Ruby er fyrsta bók í røðíni, og hóast…
Tilfarið er hugsað sum ískoytistilfar til einstaka næmingin, men uppgávurnar kunnu lættliga verða nýttar sum upprit til undirvísingina ella sum beinleiðis partur av arbeiðinum í myndlist.
Tilfarið kann eisini stuðla…
Myndlistabókin er ætlað sum íblástur til lærarar, sum undirvísa í myndlist í miðdeild. Bókin inniheldur ymisk hugskot til undirvísing í myndlist í miðdeildini, hóast nøkur av hugskotunum kunnu nýtast til eldri flokkar, og onnur kunnu nýtast í yngru flokkunum.
Høvuðspartarnir í ROKNING 6 eru:
- Grundbók a, b
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Essay cheating: How common is it?
- Published 3 May 2018
A BBC investigation has found that prominent YouTube stars are encouraging students to buy essays.
Passing off a custom-made essay as your own is a form of plagiarism known as contract cheating.
It involves a student ordering an essay, usually through a website, for a fee.
But it could also be friends or family members writing an essay on a student's behalf.
Companies offering these sort of services are known as essay mills.
The fee will usually depend on the essay subject, length and deadline.
Some essay mills - including EduBirdie - claim that the essays they provide are "100% plagiarism free". But even if the essay you buy doesn't necessarily contain copied material, the act of submitting it as your own is itself a form of plagiarism - according to the Quality Assurance Agency (QAA), which monitors standards in UK higher education.
A student caught doing this could face serious penalties - including expulsion.
EduBirdie says that there is disclaimer on its site which suggested that the work it provided should only be used as a sample or a reference.
What's the scale of contract cheating?
The QAA told Reality Check that it believes contract cheating is on the rise.
In its 2016 report, the agency said leaflets advertising essay services had been handed out on campuses. There were also reports of adverts appearing on university notice boards.
One UK essay writing company boasts that it has helped more than 25,000 students over the past 15 years.
But we don't know how many of those students who used the service went on to submit the essays as their own.
The QAA also referred Reality Check to a 2016 Times investigation. Based on Freedom of Information requests, the newspaper unearthed 50,000 cases of cheating in UK universities over the previous three years.
This works out at 17,000 per year, or 0.7% of students.
YouTube stars paid to sell cheating
Essay cheat companies face university ban
- The man who helps students cheat
The problem with this number, which the QAA acknowledges, is that it includes all forms of cheating - not just contract cheating.
But even if we did know how many students were caught contract cheating, we still wouldn't know how many cases went undetected.
For that we have to rely on survey data, where students are asked if they have ever cheated by submitting an essay written by someone else.
The most recent UK study was carried out in 2012 and found that 29.5% of participants agreed that they had "submitted work taken wholly from an internet source (free or paid) as your own".
Elsewhere, the QAA cites a 2014 study from Saudi Arabia, which found that 22% of students reported having paid someone to write an essay.
Prof Phil Newton, from Swansea University, is an expert on contract cheating. He says that with surveys of this nature, there's always a likelihood that respondents may not give accurate answers - especially if they are owning up to deviant behaviour.
So, we have to treat survey data with a degree of scepticism.
Are these services legal?
At the moment there's nothing, legally speaking, to stop websites selling essays.
In fact many websites contain disclaimers that say students shouldn't pass off the essays as their own and that they should only be used as study aids.
That said, in March 2018, the Advertising Standards Agency (ASA) upheld a complaint about claims appearing on a UK essay mill website.
The ASA said the website gave the misleading impression that "consumers would be able to submit purchased essays as their own without repercussion".
But even if legislation was brought in, the QAA says it is unlikely to solve the problem.
It says many of these websites are offshore and even if they were closed down they can easily re-emerge.
So what can be done about it?
Contract cheating can be very difficult to spot. As the essays are bespoke they're unlikely to be picked up by software which some universities use to detect plagiarism.
Last October, guidance was issued to institutions on how to deal with contract cheating.
- Have fewer assessments by essays
- Block essay writing websites from IT systems
- Get familiar with student writing styles and try to spot any changes
- Have clear procedures to report suspected cheating
- Support struggling students with their writing skills
Why do students do it?
There are many reasons - it could be as simple as laziness or a lack of confidence in writing ability.
In April, Prof Newton, along with colleagues, published a study into contract cheating in Australia.
The study focused on students who had asked either friends or family members to write essays on their behalf.
The researchers found that were three factors which increased the likelihood of contract cheating.
- Students who spoke a language other than English
- A dissatisfaction with their learning environment
- Where students perceived there were opportunities to cheat
Read more from Reality Check
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- 9 October 2017
The man who helps students to cheat
- 12 May 2016
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The BBC’s Public Service Essay
The structure of the bbc, the bbc’s techniques, the bbc’s ideology and editorial agenda, opinion on the bbc’s bias, the news reports on the syrian war, reference list.
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The BBC or a British Broadcasting Corporation started its operations on October 18, 1922, as a British broadcasting company. On January 1, 1927, it became a corporation dominating the UK information market (Savigny 2016). BBC World News is the most popular among the corporation’s channels; it was launched on March 11, 1991. The BBC aims to enrich people’s lives with programs and services that inform, educate and entertain. Also, the corporation strives to be the most creative organization in the world.
There is a fee for television devices on the territory of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; the funds collected this way form the budget of the BBC. Outside of the UK, the company is sponsored through the same British funds (Savigny 2016). This allows the corporation to be completely independent of the interests of advertisers, shareholders, or politicians. However, the impartiality of the BBC is now being questioned. Journalist Martin Summers, according to Mills (2016, p. 46), believes that ‘now BBC avoids serious conflict topics and therefore has to produce a lot of entertainment content to keep the ratings up.’ Although the British government regulates the size of funds from UK citizens, its officials deny the possibility of the manipulation of the BBC through the number of payments (Savigny 2016). Despite all this, the BBC World News channel has a reputation as one of the most objective news channels; it is watched in Western Europe, the United States, and other countries. Legally, the BBC operates under the Charter. The BBC Charter, which defines the tasks, role, and structure of the corporation, first entered into force in 1927; it is updated every ten years (Schlesinger 2014). The BBC is a Statutory Corporation with no shareholders. It is headed by the BBC Trust, consisting of 12 Trustees appointed by the Queen of England at the suggestion of the Cabinet of Ministers. The BBC is the second in the world regarding the number of employees and has a staff of about 20 thousand people (Schlesinger 2014). Its executive body is the Executive Board, appointed by the BBC Trust; the highest official is the Director-General of the BBC, appointed by the BBC Trust, he is also the BBC Editor-in-Chief. The BBC’s management includes the national governors for Wales, Northern Ireland, and Scotland, as well as the Chairman and Vice-Chairman (Schlesinger 2014). The members are responsible for maintaining all levels of programs, keeping a balance of approaches to reporting, as well as providing unbiased information on events and processes that are inconsistent in their structure. Since 1997, the BBC consists of six main directorates: Broadcast, Production, News, and Worldwide.
The BBC has regional offices throughout the country: BBC North, BBC South, BBC Midlands, and East, as well as BBC Scotland, BBC Wales, and BBC Northern Ireland prepare regional programs and news. Their specificity is characterized by three directions: informational, educational, and entertaining. To maintain a leading position and competitive advantage among the diversity of the media, the BBC World Service was established in 1994 (Schlesinger 2014). It has managed to maintain its high international prestige and the quality of the set standards of editorial work. The BBC World Service is divided into BBC Foreign Broadcasting and the commercial company BBC Worldwide Limited, which includes television, publishing, and education.
Young people are initially the most active category of the population, which tries to implement most of the tasks in the shortest time. This leads to the need for the prompt receipt of all necessary information, so all the media face the challenge to bring maximum information in a minimum of time. News information of global TV channels allows politicians to include certain issues in their agenda and determines priorities among the most important topics. Therefore, in many government and diplomatic institutions, TVs in offices are set up on CNN or BBC World (Burns 2016). The formation of the agenda is due to the degree of importance of certain issues. The BBC creates a certain image of the event, which will get the most diverse audience. The trend shows that the most attention on BBC is drawn to negative news, so the main content is formed by adverse events. The public often reproached the BBC, for example, for the insufficient number of live broadcasts and reports from the events, including coverage of events taking place abroad. All the BBC content, especially concerning the commercial sphere and the youth environment, aims to arouse the trust of the audience through an objective presentation of the news. The work on the creation of news releases is limited to a rather strict framework: the BBC has the News and Current Affairs Department controlled by the CEO (Schlesinger 2014). A large number of international correspondents who work in different countries and English correspondents who travel abroad take part in the formation of information messages for broadcasting on BBC radio and television.
The British Institute of Economic Affairs published a report on the analysis of the content of the British Broadcasting Corporation. According to the document, the company’s journalists were biased against big business, the free market economy, and activists who supported the idea of the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union (Mills 2016). The Institute, which stands for the free market, stated that the BBC needs to be privatized: if the company becomes private, society will cease to trust it so blindly. According to Mills (2016, p. 53), the Institute representative said, ‘the problem of bias in the presentation of the material seems to be particularly acute about the BBC.’ Any TV owner in the UK, as well as those who watch BBC broadcasts online, is required by law to pay around £145 per year. The report argued that these payments needed to be reviewed. The representative of the BBC said that the company is familiar with the opinion of the Institute of Economic Affairs, as it is not the first time it expresses such claims. However, he stated, this position is contrary to the opinion of society; the British are in favor of fees and consider the BBC the main supplier of unbiased news in real coverage (Mills 2016). This example illustrates that in recent years, reputable organizations have openly declared their distrust of the BBC.
The world-famous media portal could not ignore the Syrian armed conflict that began in 2011. News reports appeared daily on BBC News, broadcasting military and political events in Syria. The analysis of the BBC articles revealed the topics covered in the reports: military actions in Syria, terrorist and rebel groups, the UK’s position toward the Syrian government, and the consequences of military operations. In the coverage of events related to military actions, the media are trying to disguise some of the concepts to reduce to dramatize the events. According to Khodadady and Fard (2014, p. 54), BBC News is no exception: ‘Before the end to hostilities was announced, the rebels had retreated to just a handful of neighborhoods.’ This example shows that the word ‘war’ can be replaced by politically correct vocabulary: ‘crisis,’ ‘military campaign,’ ‘circumstances’ or ‘hostility.’ The following example shows that the word ‘war’ can be replaced by an entire phrase. Khodadady and Fard (2014, p. 49) mention the phrase in the BBC report: ‘the reports of atrocities “evoked the darkest days of the history of the United Nations.”‘ All headlines to BBC articles on this topic began with the words’ Syria conflict’, which is a euphemism of the expression ‘Syrian war.’ The term ‘war’ refers to armed confrontation or military action between the armed forces of countries or political groups. ‘Conflict’ is understood by people as something more peaceful than ‘war.’ The very word ‘war’ brings terror and panic to the population. By changing words, BBC inspired people with the idea that the situation in the country was under control. The word ‘bombing,’ which carries a negative connotation, is replaced by lexical units: ‘airstrike,’ ‘air raids’ or ‘attack.’ According to Khodadady and Fard (2014, p. 51), the BBC article says, ‘an airstrike on a medical facility near the Syrian city of Aleppo has killed five employees of an international aid agency.’ However, it is worth noting that the euphemisms are mobile. Many of the expressions used for the replacement of a concept lose their euphemistic function over time, turning into a full concept with a direct value. The same can be said about ‘airstrike,’ ‘air raid,’ ‘attack’ in the meaning of bombing. These concepts are already perceived by many as equivalent; therefore, after a short period, they will cease to be euphemisms. In 2011, the opposition army opposed the regime of the current Syrian government. However, today there are more actors in this conflict. Since 2014, terrorist groups have intensified in Syria; also, there has been a split in the opposition into several groups. Readers sometimes found it difficult to understand which group is responsible for a particular event and on whose side it is fighting. Khodadady and Fard (2014, p. 57) mention another report: ‘The rebels killed were from Jaish al-Fatah, an Islamist group not officially part of the Western-backed alliance but one that works alongside the Free Syrian Army.’ The analysis shows that the articles often featured ‘the Free Syrian Army.’ This expression is a politically correct name for all Syrian rebels who do not obey ISIS and are not members of the people’s self-defense units. The BBC hid the actions of a particular group by using this name. The articles included other questionable terms, according to Khodadady and Fard (2014, p. 62): ‘Ibrahim Abu-Lait, a spokesman for the White Helmets volunteer rescue group, said 90% of their equipment was out of operation’. White Helmets is an organization for the protection and rescue of civilians (Ahmed 2014). This organization is out of politics and is engaged in saving people in regions beyond the control of the Syrian government. However, this organization could be perceived as terrorist or insurgent, as the reader could get confused in a variety of names. The reader could easily be misled, as ‘rebel groups’ and ‘the military’ could be both opposition and terrorist. Thus, the BBC deliberately created chaos in people’s minds. The term ‘Pro-government forces’ was used to refer to troops under the current government. The Islamic State group also appeared in articles on the Syrian conflict. The full name of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria was not used. Instead, the readers could see the abbreviations IS, ISIS, and the expression IS ‘caliphate’ (Khodadady and Fard 2014). When referring to events related to terrorist activities, the word terrorist(s) was usually replaced by ‘attacks,’ ‘fighters,’ ‘jihadists,” jihadist group,’ or ‘IS militants.’ Analysis of BBC articles showed that the UK’s position on the Syrian conflict is characterized as observational. The British Media only broadcasted the US point of view but did not give their comments. The quotes are taken from news reports of CNN, the US media could be found in some BBC articles. According to Schlesinger (2014, p. 56), the BBC reported: ‘White House spokesman Ben Rhodes said: “There only could have been two entities responsible, either the Syrian regime or the Russian government.”‘ The example clearly shows that the BBC cited Russia’s open accusation given by CNN. However, the quotation was taken in abbreviated form, which made the statement less categorical and harsh. Thus, the real opinion of the British Media was hidden from readers. The British press imposed the US point of view on the audience; however, this is not done as aggressively as in the US media.
The examples from real news notes, articles, and reports on the BBC demonstrate that even the most respected and monetary independent news organization cannot always remain objective. It is inevitably influenced by certain economic and geopolitical factors, which is why the current situation of the Media does not leave people the opportunity to trust only one source of information. Although the BBC’s reputation and its dominant status among European and Asian TV and radio broadcasters speak in its favor, every person who seeks truthful news should verify all the information received. People who watch several news stories on the same topic from different sources, preferably from different countries, are less influenced by any of the parties concerned.
Ahmed, S 2014, ‘Right to reply: how the BBC tackles viewers’ criticism’, Index on Censorship , vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 46-50. Burns, T 2016, The BBC: public institution and private world, 3rd edn, Springer, Luxembourg. Khodadady, E & Fard, HK 2014, ‘Ideology in the BBC and Press TV’s coverage of Syria unrest: a schema-based approach’, Review of Journalism and Mass Communication , vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 47-67. Mills, T 2016, The BBC: myth of a public service , Verso Books, London. Savigny, H 2016, ‘Is the BBC Biased? The corporation and the coverage of the 2006 Israeli–Hezbollah war’, in L Marsden & H Savigny (eds), Media, religion and conflict , Routledge, London, pp. 63-82. Schlesinger, P 2014, ‘The most creative organization in the world’? The BBC, ‘creativity’ and managerial style’, in C Bilton (ed), Creativity and cultural policy, Routledge, London, pp. 47-62.
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The BBC or a British Broadcasting Corporation started its operations on October 18, 1922, as a British broadcasting company.