Change Management Models: 8 Proven Examples to Evolve & Thrive
For your business to survive it will need to evolve. For it to evolve, you need to make changes. Without a change management model, the success of those changes is up to nothing more than hope and dumb luck.
I’ve already gone over how to form your own change management strategy , so for this post, I’ll outline everything you need to know about 8 proven change management models that will put your organization at the top of the food chain:
Lewin’s change management model
The mckinsey 7-s model, kotter’s theory: coaching people through change, the “nudge” theory of change management, the 5 goals adkar for successful change management, bridges’ transition model.
- Kübler-Ross’ change curve
The Satir change management model
Let’s get started!
Lewin’s model is one of the most popular approaches, and it’s easy to see why. By splitting the change process into three stages you can break a large, unwieldy shift into bitesize chunks which account for both the processes and people in your company.
Lewin describes three stages of change management:
- Make changes
Unfreeze your process and perceptions
“Unfreezing” means analyzing every step of your process to look for potential improvements. It also applies to your organization’s perception of the process, potential changes, and any resistance that might pop up.
By doing this you’re helping to eliminate any existing bias and commonly accepted mistakes . This gives you the perspective you need to change the cause of your problems, rather than just the symptoms.
Make your changes
“Learning is more effective when it’s an active rather than a passive process.” – Kurt Lewin
Once you’ve prepared everyone, it’s time to deploy your changes and guide the team as they adapt.
For this step to be successful, you need to focus on three vital areas:
- Education: Make sure you provide adequate training for all new systems and technology your employees will need to use.
- Support: This could be a manager, mentor, or even simply a knowledge base they can access for more information.
- Communication: Maintain open channels of communication – both so employees know what to expect and provide feedback on progress and roadblocks.
Refreeze the new status quo
Once your changes have been deployed, measured, and tweaked according to feedback, you need to “refreeze” your new status quo. This is vital to any change management model – everything you’ve done is pointless if old habits resurface.
If you’ve listened to (and applied) feedback then this stage will be a little easier, since your employees will be more invested in the changes.
Your work isn’t finished, though. You still need to conduct regular reviews to make sure the new methods are being followed, are effective, and whether or not they need to be updated again. It can take time for new policies to become a habit, so continuously check in on how your employees are handling the change.
Lewin’s Change Management Model Process Checklist
The McKinsey 7-S model is great for analyzing how coherent your company is. If you know that you need to change your act, but you’re not sure what to do, this is the change management model for you.
By analyzing the following seven aspects of your company and how they affect each other, you will highlight the changes you need to make to create a united approach to business:
- Shared values
By analyzing each of these seven aspects, you’ll gain a clear picture of how they apply to your organization and how they relate to each other. Every aspect needs to support the other six. If you find one that doesn’t, that’s the area you need to look at for potential improvements.
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Kotter’s theory is the first in this list to focus less on the change itself and more on the people behind it (albeit from a top-down point of view). By inspiring a sense of urgency for change and maintaining that momentum, Kotter’s theory can be used to great effect in adapting your business to the current climate.
“Leaders establish the vision for the future and set the strategy for getting there.” – Dr. John Kotter
Kotter’s theory works by:
- Creating a sense of urgency
- Building a core coalition
- Forming a strategic vision
- Getting everyone on board
- Removing barriers and reducing friction
- Generating short-term wins
- Sustaining acceleration
- Setting the changes in stone
Nudge theory is more of a mindset than a set change management model. The basic theory is that “nudging” change along is much more effective than trying to enforce it in a traditional sense.
According to Businessballs , effective nudges are:
- Educational
- backed up with evidence
- open to discussion
The basic principles you need to follow when nudging changes are:
- Clearly define your changes
- Consider changes from your employees’ point of view
- Use evidence to show the best option
- Present the change as a choice
- Listen to feedback
- Limit obstacles
- Keep momentum up with short-term wins
Created by Jeffery Hiatt (founder of Prosci ), the ADKAR change management model is a bottom-up method that focuses on the individuals behind the change. Rather than being a sequential method, ADKAR is a set of goals to reach (with each letter of the acronym representing one of these goals).
By focusing on achieving the following five goals, the ADKAR model can be used to effectively plan out change on both an individual and organizational level:
- Awareness (of the need to change): Your employees need to understand why the change is happening, but this step isn’t about simply dictating what they need to do. Use evidence to back up your plan and convince them the change is positive.
- Desire (to participate and support the change): Awareness is good, but it’s nothing if people don’t want to change. This will be a true test of your skills as a leader since you will literally need to win the hearts and minds of your employees.
- Knowledge (on how to change): Make sure everyone knows what their role in the change will be. People dislike change because of the uncertainty; a clear plan of the steps, expected results, and parts they need to play will help alleviate some of that anxiety.
- Ability (to implement required skills and behaviors): Knowing what needs to be done is just one side of the coin. Employees may need extra training or coaching in order to fulfill their responsibilities. Again, if people feel prepared and confident in their abilities to handle change, they are less likely to resist it.
- Reinforcement (to sustain the change): After you’ve done the heavy lifting, you need the change to stick. Performing regular reviews and offering incentives are great ways to help employees establish new habits and provide accountability (for you, too).
Created in 1991 by William Bridges, this change management model focuses on transition rather than change. While that might seem pedantic, it alters the entire way that change management is approached.
“Nothing so undermines organizational change as the failure to think through the losses people face.” – William Bridges
I mentioned earlier that the uncertainty of change causes anxiety; as a result, change can often feel intrusive. People perceive it as happening to them rather than something they’re actively involved in.
A transition, on the other hand, implies a gradual adjustment. It’s a planned journal rather than a radical shift. This approach allows employees to process the emotions they feel about the change and feel more prepared for any new expectations of them.
It does this by detailing three stages of transition, each of which the employee must be guided through for the change to be successful:
- Ending, losing, and letting go: Focus on listening and communicating. Your employees’ will likely feel very vulnerable at this stage and will rely on you for a sense of stability and reassurance. Be clear about what they can expect and assure them they will be supported throughout the transition.
- The neutral zone: “Neutral” is potentially misleading here. This stage involves all the hard work required to make the transition, but without experiencing any of the benefits yet. Persevering here is crucial to your success since this is the stage where many people get discouraged, give up, or impede the process.
- The new beginning: Give everyone some kudos and a little celebration here, but like all the other models, your work is not quite finished. This stage requires vigilance and reinforcement. Capitalize on the high energy of this stage to cement your changes as the new status quo.
The Kübler-Ross change curve
Elisabeth Kübler-Ross was a psychiatrist who detailed the five stages of grief in her book, On Death & Dying . It may seem odd to talk about grief in terms of a change management model, but it actually makes a lot of sense.
Grief isn’t always a dramatic event. Think about the last time a favorite product was discontinued or an app updated its UI. Your response likely followed the Kübler-Ross model of the stages of grief – albeit probably on a much more subtle level.
Change always requires a loss of some sort, and your employees will have an emotional reaction to that loss. Understanding how people process those emotions will enable you to prepare your response in advance.
The five stages of the are: Kübler-Ross change curve are:
If you’re still not convinced this model can help, let’s go back to the updated app.
- The update is released and users respond with surprise, shock, theories it may be a glitch or some other temporary change.
- Some very vocal users take to social media to protest the change and criticize the company for making such obvious mistakes with the new UI.
- These angry users will lodge complaints and/or start petitions in the hopes of pressuring the company to revert to the old setup.
- When the company doesn’t respond – or refuses to undo the update – those previously angry users experience a sort of sadness and rejection. Their much-loved app isn’t the same anymore and the company they were so loyal to doesn’t seem to care about their users’ feelings.
- While typically continuing to use the app throughout this process, those same users have slowly gotten used to the new UI. Some may realize the changes have actually improved their experience, others may simply adjust to the new layout. Either way, the updated UI has been accepted.
(It’s quickly worth noting that people can move through the stages in a random order, and they can jump backward or repeat stages, too.)
The Satir change model is similar in some ways to the Kübler-Ross curve, but it focuses more on performance during the change. In this sense, it’s a way of predicting and tracking the effect of changes on overall performance.
Satir’s change management model is made up of five stages:
- Late Status Quo
- Integration
- New Status Quo
Also, before diving into the final change management model, note that the Satir model focuses on tracking rather than affecting performance . Without using a supporting model to tackle these negative effects, you’re left with little more than a way to measure the effect of your change.
This isn’t always a bad thing, but keep it in mind when looking for a method to actively support your changes.
Unlike most other change management models, the Satir model also provides an easy way to analyze the impact of your changes at a glance (by producing a graph based on your ongoing performance). Not only that, but it makes it easy to compare the effects of various changes you have made and provide a measure of your business’ progression.
Use Process Street to manage change in your business
Choosing the right change management model might seem overwhelming at first, but using a solid framework to deploy your changes is crucial to a business’ successful evolution. It’s also important to remain mindful of how these changes will impact your employees – and what their reactions might be as a result.
Using one or more of the change management models listed in this post will enable you to predict and prepare for your employees’ concerns, giving your company the best chance to not just survive, but thrive in the corporate wild.
The included workflow templates will get you off on the right foot but walking you through every step of the change management process. You can proceed with the confidence that no element will fall through the cracks, even if you’ve never used a particular change management model before.
Process Street workflows incorporate a variety of dynamic features that make all our workflows intuitive and easy to use. Plus, they offer the added bonus of documenting your process every time you use it so you have a record of what’s been done before. It’s a good idea to establish a thorough risk management plan as part of your change management process. That way, you can ensure you’re well-prepared for any complication so implementing your changes runs smoothly.
Process Street can help you with that.
How do you deploy changes within your own organization? I’d love to hear from you in the comments below!
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Ben Mulholland
Ben Mulholland is an Editor at Process Street , and winds down with a casual article or two on Mulholland Writing . Find him on Twitter here .
49 Comments
Thanks for the call out about Dr. Kotter’s model. Although interesting observations our method is quite different from how you characterize it. I am happy to chat further if you’d like to know more.
Best, Eric Ellis Principal Kotter International
The Kotter’s theory is the only one that I learned about! Thank you for comparing the others. Great reviews!
Nice compilation! Some of these are new to me. Just finished reading “Switch” by Chip and Dan Heath (also authored “Made to Stick”) which would provide a nice addition.
Ben, This is an interesting review. I believe however that all these models are missing the most important point. In a VUCA world where employees work continuously out of their comfort zone, psychological flexibility is the crucial element that needs to be developed. We are missing a change management coaching model that focuses Emotional Agility & Resilience. Best Martin Bless Agilience Sàrl
Martin, this is one of the best comments I’ve read and I couldn’t agree more. I sought you out and am following you on Linked In. Thanks for this contribution.
Hi, great article, thanks for sharing.
I have consolidated these models into the trademarked PSOCM or Public/Private-Sector Organizational Change Management 10-Step Model at http://www.psocm.org .
Thanks so much for sharing. You did superbly in compiling this and putting it together for an easy read 🙂 Thank you.
very interesting review and article thank you
This is a fantastic compilation. As a CM Consultant with 20 years in the field, I have used all of these models and appreciate how our experience affords us the opportunity to customize a model to meet the needs of each organization from a scalability, magnitude, duration and strategic importance perspective. Thank you for insight here.
Thanks how great to have all the methods summarised and gathered together and better still compared, often when I go into companies they are sticking to one method “As the holy grail method for the change” not often not knowing there are other models, or indeed models better suited to the company’s vertical, management style, size, etc so thank you! I will keep this as a quick reference guide.
An excellent article Ben – as a Change Communications Consultant, I am often challenged on the pros and cons of each model, and obviously have my favourites. Your easy-to-read article provides me with some very valuable comparison insight, which will help me explain the various alternatives to my own customers – Many thanks
Finding a good change management software depends on knowing exactly what you’re looking for in a solution this is a good checklist for scrutinizing and filtering out a software Change management solutions enable IT and support teams to operate more efficiently. This becomes much easier when the change management solution is equipped with the key features you need to enable intelligent, consistent and effective change operations.
which theory applies when Your building is being demolished, and the closest place you can afford to rent nearby is 1km away.
An outstanding effort! I am confident it took some serious effort to put this wonderful article together. Well done!
Just ran across. Great high-level summary. Thank you.
This is such a detailed complication of the models. It gives a lot of insights about which is suitable for each different situations. Thank you
Great! You simplified the concepts. Thank you and keep up the good work!
That was a great compilation. I think in Lewin stage 1, unfreezing, there is a sense of urgency in that, the rationale behind the unfreezing depicts there is a sense of urgency. In stage 1, one must create the need for change which points, in my view, the sense of urgency. Thanks
Ben, Among the most succinct and yet comprehensive overviews of change models that have endured the test of time. While each one could be the focus of a lengthy treatise, you boiled it down the the critical points. As a long time student in this space, I think you were fair and hit the key points of each. I will keep your article for quick future reference. Nice job!
Thank you for this change management model comparison. I would like however to note that the ADKAR model is only one small aspect of Prosci’s structured approach to leading and managing organizational change. The approach has a detailed and comprehensive structure for any large scale change from the preparation phase through to the implementation and post implementation phase, backed by twenty worldwide benchmark studies that span 85 countries and over 1600 public and private organizations. The model comes with templates, assessments, checklists, videos and training. I’ve used the model as an internal consultant since 2009 and it has worked well for small organizations to large organizations with over 10,000 employees.
Thank you for comparing the models and also giving the Good and Bad perspective of the same. It really helpful while understanding and comparing model w.r.t other.
As an IT project manager and business analyst I can thoroughly appreciate, your comprehensive and yet succinct post on the application of change management in its various (models) forms. Nicely executed!!
Hi Ben …. just come across your article so many thanks for your excellent summarising of the models. Facilitating some leadership and management stuff for a small organisation and some useful pointers. Trying to enable folk to find the balance between the functional aspects of ‘change’ and what I feel is the important bit- the ‘people stuff’. I like some of the psychological aspects of ‘nudge’ which as you imply can be implemented within one of the more structured models.
This really helps us to compare different models and to implement changes effectively.
This document is so informative ..keep the good job
I prefer the Adkars model as it focus more on bottom level. Great knowledgeable content
Good to know insights, very informative
i want to design a model and use it to write a report that evaluates a recent strategic IS organizational change 1. Provide background information on the strategic IS organizational change. 2. Design a model that contains a comprehensive set of categories to evaluate the strategic IS change. 3. Derive a checklist of categories and items in the form of a matrix to evaluate the strategic IS change initiative. 4. The matrix should include a weighting scoring model that assesses the quality of the change program and qualitative information to justify the scores. 5. Based on the major gaps/variances found against a suitable standard, recommend how the firm or client should improve their current/future change initiatives.
Hey Pitso, on the 26th of May we will be publishing a load of change management checklists based on the different models – so maybe they can be a useful inspiration for how to approach and structure yours? If you subscribe to the blog, you won’t miss a thing. Cheers! Adam
Great Article to Learn for knowledge.
Thanks Sunil, glad to hear you enjoyed it.
Perfect Explanation…i have learned lots of good knowledge from there . Thanks
Glad you enjoyed it, Durgesh.
Which of these are best for investment management that can reduce resistance to change
It’s hard to say without a full understanding of the company, and it also depends on what causes the resistance to change. If there’s an emotional connection to former ways of working, then the Bridges transition could be useful – for example.
thank you very much for the extensive explanation. keep up the good work
Thanks for the kind words, Susan.
Cheers, Adam
I really love this información, i learned a lot and about it i need to put un practice in my job and my life
Glad to hear you liked it Brayan. Un saludo, Adam
Dear Ben, I highly appreciate for developing and sharing practical guidelines on the change theories. This is really a great job. But I am little bit confused why developing Strategy comes first (in 7-S model). Generally, what we think is that we can formulate good strategy only after assessing other Ss. Further, I think Staff component of the 7-S model should be placed under Hard component. Anticipate your clarification.
Thank you for the review. It provides important and succinct overview of the key models. And, in me case, your article saved me the time and energy I would need to compile all this information on my own. Much appreciated. Danijela
Glad you liked it, Danijela. Cheers, Adam
Thanks a lot for sharing this with all people you really realize what you are speaking about! Bookmarked. Please additionally visit my website =). We will have a link trade arrangement among us
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Essay Paper on Change Management Model
Each company uses different models of organizational change depending on its needs and circumstances for the moment of need for change. The choice of certain change model is made by change specialists. Palmer, Dunford and Akin defined three change groups that take part in the whole process, and these are: change strategists (senior management), change implementers (middle management) and change recipients. Given models for change management are based on different approaches to changes within organization. These models differ not just in term of number of steps but whether all steps need to be followed, whether they need to be followed in sequence, and whether they need to be adapted to specific settings.
Comparing these models, we can come to the following conclusions: the authors used different approaches to the change management models, thus they offered to undertake different measures depending on their own view of change. Pendlebury, Grouard and Meston expressed each step in a form of motto or, better to say, appeal, slogan, which gives a kind of an impetus to the reader. These authors tend to be laconic and straightforward, they don’t give tips, but they give a key word which stands for certain action. Nadler defines each step by giving a detailed description of what should be done. His plan is the minutest of all, it gives clear and simple ideas of how the change should be organized. Kanter, Stein and Jick give the name for their steps, they are called “Ten commandments”, thereby saying that these steps are to be implied unconditionally. Their plan is a little similar to that of Nadler, although the general number of steps is less and their form of expression is different too.
And finally, the last, but not the least, is Taffinder’s plan, which is called “Transformation trajectory”. This model is the shortest since is consists of five steps only and is perceived with philosophical hint. There are no concrete rules or steps, there are only general guidelines which either should inspire on further actions or are designed to be implemented in any organization, regardless the type of changes implemented.
All aforementioned models of change management differ not only by their form and content, but also by the sequence of implementation of enlisted steps. For instance, the model of Pendlebury, Grouard and Meston doesn’t have a strict sequence of activation of steps, they obviously should be implemented simultaneously, since this model can’t be used as a step-by-step type of model, it’s represented as a list of activities that must be done throughout change managing. Unlike this model, the models of Kanter, Stein and Jick, and Taffinder are more precise in terms of time. The list of activities to be done is straightly chronological, which means that the previous step is followed logically by the next one. All models, though put emphasis on the need to define the need for change, to motivate people, to overcome transitional periods and to maintain achieved success.
I’d offer the change management model which contains the following steps:
- Define the need for change, ground it.
- Analyze company’s possibilities, previous experience connected with change, opinions of staff.
- Build up the future image of company with implemented change and suggest this image to all employees.
- Get support from sponsors, team leaders, managers of departments.
- Draw up a plan for change, defining all possible flaws and negative issues.
- Involve employees, inspire them and maintain positive atmosphere and attitude.
- Create feedback, take into account complaints and enhance the process of change.
This is basically the model I’d offer in order to reach success in change implementation. I tried to take into account all problems that may arise in the process, and placed the activities in chronological order because I think it’s easier to realize a plan if you know what to do next, besides, the abovementioned steps are organized logically. I’ve also included such factors as motivation, informational access, possible discrepancies and employees’ negative attitude.
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According to Cameron and Green (2009), Lewin's model provides a useful tool for those considering organisational change, particularly when used in conjunction with his force field analysis technique which provides a focus for management teams to debate the resisting and driving forces for change.
Table 1.1: Kotter's Eight-Step Change Management Model Step 1 Establishing a Sense of Urgency Step 2 Creating the Guiding Coalition Step 3 Developing A Vision And Strategy Step 4 Communication the Change Vision Step 5 Empowering Employees for Broad-Based Action Step 6 Generating Short-Term Wins Step 7 Consolidating Gains And Producing More Change
Lewin describes three stages of change management: Unfreeze Make changes Refreeze Unfreeze your process and perceptions "Unfreezing" means analyzing every step of your process to look for potential improvements. It also applies to your organization's perception of the process, potential changes, and any resistance that might pop up.
Refreezing - Stabilizing a change intervention by balancing driving and restraining forces. (Robbins, fig 19.3, 2009) The introduction of this new way of thinking is regarded to be the corner stone model for understanding organizational change and also the beginning of Organizational Development (Understanding the Three Stages of Change, 2009).
Models of Change Throughout the last decade there have been numerous changes and developments in the way we manage work. From the classical era Frederick Winslow Taylor introduced the scientific approach, often criticized for the lack of scientific rigor and one dimensional view of human motivation (Burnes 1989; Kelly, 1982).
Change Management in IT Environment Presented by Aravind Reddy Vootukuri Wilmington University 1) Abstract 2)Organizational Change During My Employment with Capgemini in 2007 a)Reasons for Change b)Objectives Set for this Change Program c)Used John kotter 's8 step Change model d)Used Change Process 3)Change in Nationwide 2278 Words
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