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What Is an Annotated Bibliography? | Examples & Format
Published on March 9, 2021 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on August 23, 2022.
An annotated bibliography is a list of source references that includes a short descriptive text (an annotation) for each source. It may be assigned as part of the research process for a paper , or as an individual assignment to gather and read relevant sources on a topic.
Scribbr’s free Citation Generator allows you to easily create and manage your annotated bibliography in APA or MLA style. To generate a perfectly formatted annotated bibliography, select the source type, fill out the relevant fields, and add your annotation.
The Scribbr Citation Generator will automatically create a flawless APA citation
The Scribbr Citation Generator will automatically create a flawless MLA citation
An example of an annotated source is shown below:
Table of contents
Annotated bibliography format: apa, mla, chicago, how to write an annotated bibliography, descriptive annotation example, evaluative annotation example, reflective annotation example, finding sources for your annotated bibliography, frequently asked questions about annotated bibliographies.
Make sure your annotated bibliography is formatted according to the guidelines of the style guide you’re working with. Three common styles are covered below:
In APA Style , both the reference entry and the annotation should be double-spaced and left-aligned.
The reference entry itself should have a hanging indent . The annotation follows on the next line, and the whole annotation should be indented to match the hanging indent. The first line of any additional paragraphs should be indented an additional time.
In an MLA style annotated bibliography , the Works Cited entry and the annotation are both double-spaced and left-aligned.
The Works Cited entry has a hanging indent. The annotation itself is indented 1 inch (twice as far as the hanging indent). If there are two or more paragraphs in the annotation, the first line of each paragraph is indented an additional half-inch, but not if there is only one paragraph.
Chicago style
In a Chicago style annotated bibliography , the bibliography entry itself should be single-spaced and feature a hanging indent.
The annotation should be indented, double-spaced, and left-aligned. The first line of any additional paragraphs should be indented an additional time.
For each source, start by writing (or generating ) a full reference entry that gives the author, title, date, and other information. The annotated bibliography format varies based on the citation style you’re using.
The annotations themselves are usually between 50 and 200 words in length, typically formatted as a single paragraph. This can vary depending on the word count of the assignment, the relative length and importance of different sources, and the number of sources you include.
Consider the instructions you’ve been given or consult your instructor to determine what kind of annotations they’re looking for:
- Descriptive annotations : When the assignment is just about gathering and summarizing information, focus on the key arguments and methods of each source.
- Evaluative annotations : When the assignment is about evaluating the sources , you should also assess the validity and effectiveness of these arguments and methods.
- Reflective annotations : When the assignment is part of a larger research process, you need to consider the relevance and usefulness of the sources to your own research.
These specific terms won’t necessarily be used. The important thing is to understand the purpose of your assignment and pick the approach that matches it best. Interactive examples of the different styles of annotation are shown below.
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A descriptive annotation summarizes the approach and arguments of a source in an objective way, without attempting to assess their validity.
In this way, it resembles an abstract , but you should never just copy text from a source’s abstract, as this would be considered plagiarism . You’ll naturally cover similar ground, but you should also consider whether the abstract omits any important points from the full text.
The interactive example shown below describes an article about the relationship between business regulations and CO 2 emissions.
Rieger, A. (2019). Doing business and increasing emissions? An exploratory analysis of the impact of business regulation on CO 2 emissions. Human Ecology Review , 25 (1), 69–86. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26964340
An evaluative annotation also describes the content of a source, but it goes on to evaluate elements like the validity of the source’s arguments and the appropriateness of its methods .
For example, the following annotation describes, and evaluates the effectiveness of, a book about the history of Western philosophy.
Kenny, A. (2010). A new history of Western philosophy: In four parts . Oxford University Press.
A reflective annotation is similar to an evaluative one, but it focuses on the source’s usefulness or relevance to your own research.
Reflective annotations are often required when the point is to gather sources for a future research project, or to assess how they were used in a project you already completed.
The annotation below assesses the usefulness of a particular article for the author’s own research in the field of media studies.
Manovich, Lev. (2009). The practice of everyday (media) life: From mass consumption to mass cultural production? Critical Inquiry , 35 (2), 319–331. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/596645
Manovich’s article assesses the shift from a consumption-based media culture (in which media content is produced by a small number of professionals and consumed by a mass audience) to a production-based media culture (in which this mass audience is just as active in producing content as in consuming it). He is skeptical of some of the claims made about this cultural shift; specifically, he argues that the shift towards user-made content must be regarded as more reliant upon commercial media production than it is typically acknowledged to be. However, he regards web 2.0 as an exciting ongoing development for art and media production, citing its innovation and unpredictability.
The article is outdated in certain ways (it dates from 2009, before the launch of Instagram, to give just one example). Nevertheless, its critical engagement with the possibilities opened up for media production by the growth of social media is valuable in a general sense, and its conceptualization of these changes frequently applies just as well to more current social media platforms as it does to Myspace. Conceptually, I intend to draw on this article in my own analysis of the social dynamics of Twitter and Instagram.
Before you can write your annotations, you’ll need to find sources . If the annotated bibliography is part of the research process for a paper, your sources will be those you consult and cite as you prepare the paper. Otherwise, your assignment and your choice of topic will guide you in what kind of sources to look for.
Make sure that you’ve clearly defined your topic , and then consider what keywords are relevant to it, including variants of the terms. Use these keywords to search databases (e.g., Google Scholar ), using Boolean operators to refine your search.
Sources can include journal articles, books, and other source types , depending on the scope of the assignment. Read the abstracts or blurbs of the sources you find to see whether they’re relevant, and try exploring their bibliographies to discover more. If a particular source keeps showing up, it’s probably important.
Once you’ve selected an appropriate range of sources, read through them, taking notes that you can use to build up your annotations. You may even prefer to write your annotations as you go, while each source is fresh in your mind.
An annotated bibliography is an assignment where you collect sources on a specific topic and write an annotation for each source. An annotation is a short text that describes and sometimes evaluates the source.
Any credible sources on your topic can be included in an annotated bibliography . The exact sources you cover will vary depending on the assignment, but you should usually focus on collecting journal articles and scholarly books . When in doubt, utilize the CRAAP test !
Each annotation in an annotated bibliography is usually between 50 and 200 words long. Longer annotations may be divided into paragraphs .
The content of the annotation varies according to your assignment. An annotation can be descriptive, meaning it just describes the source objectively; evaluative, meaning it assesses its usefulness; or reflective, meaning it explains how the source will be used in your own research .
A source annotation in an annotated bibliography fulfills a similar purpose to an abstract : they’re both intended to summarize the approach and key points of a source.
However, an annotation may also evaluate the source , discussing the validity and effectiveness of its arguments. Even if your annotation is purely descriptive , you may have a different perspective on the source from the author and highlight different key points.
You should never just copy text from the abstract for your annotation, as doing so constitutes plagiarism .
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How to Annotate an Essay
Kimberley mcgee, 25 jun 2018.
Letting your views and opinions about a topic flow is the point of an annotated essay. It may make some people a little nervous, but it is actually a place where ideas can be explored and communicated. It can be an invitation to let your thoughts on a subject fly.
Explore this article
- Definition of Annotating
- First Steps to Annotate
- Following Through to a Great Ending
1 Definition of Annotating
The key is to highlight major points in the piece and note your thoughts in the margins of the piece that specifically make connections that refer back to the key points. This can assist in preparing for written or verbal exams, studying for potential pop quizzes or cramming for a final exam in an organized way. Annotating a text can also help you to compose a well-crafted written response in your own words for an essay or debate rebuttal.
2 First Steps to Annotate
After reading the piece through, go back with a highlighter in the color of your choice. Do not be hasty in taking the highlighter to the copied piece. Be frugal in what you underline, and only underscore the passages that truly speak to your opinion and support your ideas. Highlight, circle or underline the main points as you go through the piece. If certain words or phrases speak to you, make a point to highlight those. Pay attention to the vocabulary used in the piece. If a word or phrase pops up in more than one place, it can give more support to your piece. Circle important dates, names and other data that is significant to the narrative, history or tone of the piece.
3 Following Through to a Great Ending
Your margin comments serve a few purposes. They label the type of material, either chronologically or in phases that build to the conclusion. Take notes about the paragraph’s topic. Be specific, so you know if it is worth your time to return to that paragraph in pursuit of proving your idea for the full essay or piece that you write. Jot down your reactions.
If a piece moves you in a certain spot, note that for future use as a quote or how it made you feel and supports your thesis. If a piece speaks to you and your past experiences, note that connection in the margins to assist you when you scan the piece for future reference. Consider how the issues brought up in the piece raised questions with your previous notions about the subject. The margins are also a good place to ask questions of the author of the piece if you do not agree with its direction or argument.
- 1 Mineral Area College: Annotating Essay and Text
- 2 University of Central Arkansas: Annotated Essay
- 3 City University of New York: Critically Reading and Annotating a Text
About the Author
Kimberley McGee is an award-winning journalist with 20+ years of experience writing about education, jobs, business and more for The New York Times, Las Vegas Review-Journal, Today’s Parent and other publications. She graduated with a B.A. in Journalism from UNLV. Her full bio and clips can be seen at www.vegaswriter.com.
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Sample Annotated Essay
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100 Topics for Annotated Bibliography Research and Tips on Nailing It
As a good essay writer , I'm sure you do your best to log everything you use in your research. You always furnish your papers with orderly "References" or "Sources Used" sections. That's easy. Well, time-consuming and finicky, but still. However, now you have this annotated bibliography assignment and have no idea how to approach this beast. Not to worry! In this post, we will clarify what an annotated bibliography is, how it should be written, and which topics suit this type of paper.
So, what's an annotated bibliography?
In short, it's a beefed-up bibliography. It is the list of citations for all sources used in your paper, whether a garden-variety persuasive essay or a serious journal article. However, under each source's citation (a formal source record), there is also an annotation (a brief critical summary).
Annotation is a short paragraph, usually about 150-word long. It describes and evaluates the source, assesses its relevance for your research, and might include background info about the author.
An annotated bibliography can be a stand-alone assignment or just a stage in a large project, such as a thesis or a dissertation. A note you attach to each source makes the annotated bibliography a valuable tool for future reference. You can go back to it to remind yourself why you have found a particular source interesting, how it is relevant to your topic, what key ideas the author presents, and whether you agree with them or not.
Why Write an Annotated Bibliography?
The fundamental reason behind writing an annotated bibliography is learning about your topic. By collecting sources, you document the state of knowledge in the field. However, merely compiling the list of relevant works is not enough.
When you have to write an annotation, you read each source more carefully and critically approach it. This allows you to assess and judge. It will enable you to synthesize the scientific consensus on the issue. You piece together the state of the field and discover the place your own research will take in it. In fact, working on an annotated bibliography might help you to see the goal of your research clearer and formulate a concise thesis – a question your paper must answer.
Extensive annotated bibliographies of scholarly sources are also helpful for other researchers. They give an overview of everything relevant published on the topic and help with further research in the adjacent areas of knowledge.
However, your assignment's primary goal can be simply introducing the format to you – an exercise to prepare you for future academic research. Your instructor might give you an easy topic with no need for further study just so you could cut your teeth on writing annotated bibliographies.
How to Write an Annotated Bibliography?
Creating an annotated bibliography requires pulling in various skills and talents: library research, scanning, quick comprehension, critical analysis, concise exposition, etc.
First, you should choose a topical focus of your research. If your assignment guidelines don't specify anything, use the list below as a starting point. The topics are grouped by discipline; several disciplines are sometimes gathered into a broader academic field.
When you have decided on your working topic (it might change in the course of your research), you can start digging. Go to your school's library or an online library resource. Use keyword search or look through topical directories to find record citations to books, articles, and documents that may contain relevant information on your topic. Also, it's always a good idea to ask your friendly librarian for help. Librarians are trained, pro searchers. They know better than anyone how the filing system in their library works. They might even be the genius behind it.
When you have a list of prospective sources, briefly examine the actual items. They might not be as relevant as it seemed from the titles. Handpick those that look most promising. Don't forget to choose sources that provide different perspectives on your topic for a balanced overview.
Cite each source in style specified by your instructor in the assignment sheet or the course guidelines. Read and analyze each work in detail.
What Should Be Included in an Annotated Bibliography?
When your instructor assigns you to write an annotated bibliography, they usually specify all the details, such as:
- the information you should include in each description
- how long it must be
- which citation style to use
That is why you should always carefully read over your assignment guideline before you start writing. By the way, if the citation style required is new to you, take advantage of our free citation generator tool. It will save you a boatload of time on each source.
Apart from your instructor's directions, consider the purpose of your annotated bibliography. Do you write it for yourself as a reference for further work on this project? Do you create it to inform fellow researchers on reading materials? Do you emphasize the practical usefulness of the sources for the study at hand? All of the above?
That said, here are some of the key things usually included in an annotated bibliography:
- Central theme and scope of the book/article
- Topics covered
- Main arguments and ideas
- Background information about the author
- Assessment of author's authority
- The intended audience of the book/article
- Comment on the source's significance in the field
- Critical analysis of the source's strengths and weaknesses
- Commentary on whether you agree with the author
- Comparison to other works cited in the bibliography
- Commentary on how this book/article informs your bibliography topic
As you can see, writing an annotated bibliography is a labor-intensive and time-consuming task. You should plan it carefully to meet the deadline on your assignment. The sooner you start, the better. However, if you have already lost too much time, we can help you!
Our writers are experts in their respective academic fields. They know fundamental works in their disciplines by heart and continually stay abreast of the latest developments. That's why they are equipped to put together an insightful annotated bibliography in no time.
Annotated Bibliography Topic Examples on Art and Culture
- Schindler's List: Real-Life Story Behind the Film
- Evolution of Community Museums
- Effects of Globalization on Cultural Heritage
- Effects of Censorship on Culture
- Murals as a Form of Protest
- Evolution of Pointe Shoes and Their Influence on Dance
- Harlem Renaissance
- Philosophy of Minimalism in Different Cultures
- Influence of Bauhaus Movement on Modern Design
- The Use of Leitmotif in Music Theater and Cinema
Annotated Bibliography Topics for Psychology
- Reliability of Rorschach Tests in Different Cultures
- Psychosomatic Symptoms of a Trauma
- Diagnosing Borderline Personality Disorder
- Theories of Language Acquisition
- Link Between Sleep Deprivation and Depression
- Prevention of Teen Suicide
- Effectiveness of Behavioral Treatments for ADS
- Use of Hypnosis for Pain Relief and Control
- Seasonal Affective Disorder and Ways to Cope with It
- Traumatic Stress in the Aftermath of Disasters
Annotated Bibliography Nursing Topics
- Disparities in Access to Medical Services
- Family Engagement and Care Coordination
- Health Literacy and Community Nursing
- Mentoring and Mentorship Training for Nurses
- Tools, Training, and Research on Falls Prevention
- Support for Patients with NCDs
- The Link Between Chronic Stress and Migraines
- Nurses' Role in Dealing with National Health Crises
- Sexual Harassment in Healthcare
- International Nurse Migration
Annotated Bibliography Topics in Healthcare
- Ethical Dilemmas of Reproductive Technology
- Perspectives of Telehealth
- Safety and Quality of Diagnostics
- Neurological and Mental Disorders
- Ways to Reduce Preventable Hospital Readmissions
- Reducing Adverse Events in Transitions of Care
- Effects of Climate Change on Public Health
- Household Air Pollution
- Effectiveness of Sex Education Programs
- Public Health Protocols for Limiting the Spread of Infections
Annotated Bibliography Topics for Sports
- Factors Influencing Soccer Players Performance
- Footwear and its Effects on Athlete's Health
- International Drug Testing Protocols
- Prevention of Injuries in Volleyball Players
- Effects of Wearable Devices in Sports
- Effects of Sport-Related Concussions on Youth Athletes
- History of NBA Rules and Regulations
- Seeding Systems and Their Effect on Tournament Outcomes
- Coach's Role in Athlete's Morale
- Popular Sports and Their Role in Public Health
Annotated Bibliography Topic Ideas for English and World Literature
- Codes and Conventions of Elizabethan Theater in Shakespeare's Works
- Metatextuality of European Novel
- Sadomasochistic Tendencies of Sentimentalism
- Irony in Early Literary Realism
- Concept of Freedom in American Literature
- Celebration and Criticism of the American Dream in 20 th -Century American Literature
- The Symbolism of Color in Indian Literature
- The Influence of Daoism on Modern Chinese Literature
- The Role of Community in South East-Asian Traditional Stories and Literature
- Topics and Themes of African Children's Literature
Fun Annotated Bibliography Topics
- History of Manga
- Puppetry Through the Ages
- Sense of Humor and National Character
- Socio-Cultural Taboos and Restrictions of Laughter
- Culture Shock: Table Manners and Household Habits That Differ from Nation to Nation
- Tickling in Myths and Legends
- History of Drinking Games
- Possible Link Between Dyslexia and Spoonerisms/Mondegreens/Eggcorns/Malapropisms
- The Use of Zeugma for Comedic Effect
- Cultural Significance of Profanity and Expletives
Annotated Bibliography Topics About Technology
- Viability of Different Renewable Energy Sources
- Possible Biotechnological Solutions to Hunger and Food Insecurity
- AI and Big Data Analysis for Pattern Recognition
- Robotics in Space Exploration
- The Use of Linguistic Corpora for NLP Technology
- Solutions to Cybersecurity vs. Surveillance Dilemma
- Methods of Digital Forensics
- Cyber-Physical Systems for Safety and Security
- Perspectives of 3D-printing in Biotechnology
- Sustainable AC Solutions
Annotated Bibliography Topics on Criminal Justice
- Legal, Social, and Security Context of Campus Crime
- Perspectives and Limitations of Experimental Criminology
- Restorative Justice Principles
- Criminology as a Social Science
- Feminist Criminology
- The Link Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Crime
- Felon Disenfranchisement
- History of Racial Profiling
- Problem-Solving Courts in the United States
- Ethical Dilemmas In Juvenile Justice
Annotated Bibliography Topics About Business
- Modern Business and Sustainable Development
- Crisis Management Strategies
- Misleading Advertisements and Consumer Trust
- Staff Diversity and Productivity
- HRM Issues in Construction Industry
- PR Strategies for Repairing Brand Reputation
- Nepotism in Family-Owned Businesses
- Marketing and Social Responsibility
- The Role of Corporate Culture in Business Success
- Benefits and Drawbacks of Workforce Outsourcing
If the discipline you need isn't covered here, browse our free library of samples for inspiration, use the topic generator tool, or order a unique sample bibliography from our custom writing service. By leaving the "Topic" field empty, you rely on the writer's choice – they will come up with a suitable topic for you.
Stay smart and keep writing!
Jana Rooheart
Jana Rooheart came to WowEssays.com with a mission to put together and then slice and dice our vast practical experience in crafting all kinds of academic papers. Jana is an aspired blogger with rich expertise in psychology, digital learning tools, and creative writing. In this blog, she willingly shares tricks of pencraft and mind-altering ideas about academic writing any student will find utterly beneficial.
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Annotated Essay Sample
Annotated essays provide a detailed examination of a text, focusing on how the text works, the author’s ideas, and the way the text is organized. The purpose of an annotated essay is to help the reader understand the work and the writer’s ideas. This type of writing can be written by students in a college class, or in a literature class, but it is most often written by scholars working in a specialized field, like a history course.
What is the difference between a summary and an analysis?
A summary is a quick, general, and easy-to-read version of an annotated essay. Annotated essays arе written to provide more in-depth and specific information about a work, including thе author’s ideas and thoughts. Annotated essays provide a detailed analysis of a work, focusing on the main points and ideas. The purpose of an annotated essay is tо explain the text and its author in great detail and give examples and evidence to support the ideas. A summary is a concise version of an annotated essay, usually one to two pages in length.
Annotation: Annotated essays require students to read the text carefully and carefully, then carefully аnd thoughtfully to write an analysis. The purpose of an annotation is to give the reader more insight into the text and to make the work more complete. Annotated essays are usually written in response tо a text, but you can also write them independently.
Annotations are nоt just fоr reading. You can use them to improve your own writing and thinking, as well. Yоu can use your notes to help you make your own arguments or to challenge your own thinking. For example, you can write your annotated essay іn response to a text, оr you can use an annotated essay to help you think through a problem.
Annotations also can be helpful in your research process. If you are reading a text, you may want to use notes tо help you think through a problem. You can also use your notes to help you research the text, or yоu can use your notes to help yоu write your own research paper.
How tо write an annotated essay
An annotated essay is a type of essay that requires a student to examine, explain, and evaluate the work under review. The student must identify thе main ideas, characters, themes, and broader significance of a book, article , or other work under review. An annotated essay requires the student tо dо the following:
Annotated essays can take many forms. The student may be asked to focus on the main points of the text, provide an assessment of the text’s strengths аnd weaknesses, and explain hоw those strengths and weaknesses impact the work under review. An annotated essay may also require a summary of the text, including іts major points, and an assessment of how well the text develops those points. The student may be asked to evaluate how the work communicates meaning, including thе author’s intentions and the work’s effect on the audience.
What should be in аn annotated essay?
Annotated essays need a lot of things to be included. An outline is essential, аs is a thesis statement, examples, and references. Annotated essays also need an introduction, body, аnd conclusion. An introduction should include the background, a brief summary of thе work you are analyzing, and a statement of the main idea оf the essay. The body should contain examples, examples, and quotes that support your main point . The conclusion should restate your thesis, restate your main points, аnd tie everything together back to the main idea of the essay.
If you are asked to write an annotated essay, start by reading and paying attention tо the question and the instructions that arе given to you. Then, read the work you are being asked to analyze. Make notes of all the things that arе relevant to your main point. You will need to use the information you gathered during your reading and your notes to complete the work.
When writing your essay, make sure that you are familiar with the work and the question you are being asked to answer. The work you arе analyzing should be something that you can fully understand and explain. You may be given a short passage оr yоu may bе asked tо write аn entire paper. If you are writing an entire essay, yоu will need to be able to identify the main idea of your work and explain it to your reader.
The introduction is your chance to let your readers know what they are being asked to do and to give them an overview of the work you are working on. It should be brief and informative, sо that the reader knows what to expect.
An introduction should end with a thesis statement that clearly states the main idea of the essay аnd your position on іt. Thе thesis statement cаn be a single sentence, or it cаn be a sentence that states your position and then explains your position in the next paragraph.
An important part of the introduction is thе introduction hook . This is the part оf your essay that will grab the readers’ attention and make them want to continue reading. A good hook for the introduction is a question that the reader can easily answer. This question can bе a surprising fact or an interesting quote. The introduction should not bе a long one; it should be brief and tо the point. It should not contain аny nеw information or ideas.
How dо yоu write an annotated essay?
Annotated essays are written in a way that allows you to listen to, read, and understand the text being annotated. The text should be well organized, with an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. An introduction should present your position and provide a context for your essay . It should also include a thesis statement.
Body paragraphs should discuss the main points оf your paper, and should be supported by examples. Each body paragraph should include at least two ideas, each supported by at least two pieces of evidence. Each idea should have a clear supporting example. Each piece of evidence should be related to your central point. Each piece of evidence should have a clear, specific point of reference. Each point of reference should support your central claim. The conclusion іs a summary of your paper , and is the final word in your argument. It should restate your central claim, summarize your main points, and restate the conclusion.
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I am a 33-year-old educational blogger. I have a Bachelor's degree in Elementary Education from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. I have been blogging since 2010, and I love it! My blog is all about homeschooling and educating kids in a fun, hands-on way.
September 6, 2021
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The U.S education system has played a prominent role in the widespread internalized racism that exists within the Latino community and continues to do so today.
Annotated Bibliography
Gonzalez, Juan Carlos. “The Ordinary-ness of Institutional Racism.” American Educational History Journal, vol. 34 Issue 2, p331-342. Ebscohost.
This source focuses on how institutional racism has had a negative impact on the Latina/o educational experience as far back as 1930. It then delves into defining the Critical Race Theory and using it to analyze how educational institutions in the U.S. have discriminated against Latina/os for decades. Gonzalez, the author of this work currently works at the Educational Leadership at the California State University in Fresno. I find this source reliable because the author gives clear explanations of how institutional racism is practiced using court cases that involve people validating segregation due to Mexican-American’s lack of “Americanness” and their “linguistic deficiencies.”. This source does not reflect itself as biased based on how the author mentions that data is incomplete if it is not completely analyzed. I will use this source to base my argument on how an abundance of Latinos have lost a language, in this case Spanish due to the assumption of anyone speaking it is “Mexican” or more importantly “brown.” Hipolito-Delgado, Carlos P. “Internalized Racism, Perceived Racism, and Ethnic Identity: Exploring their Relationship in Latina/o Undergraduates.” Journal of College Counseling, July 2016, vol. 19 Issue 2, p98-109. Gale Power Search.
This article examined how internalized racism and perceived racism have an inverse correlation with mental and physical health. It also explored factors that may contribute to internalized racism such as U.S. born generational status and Spanish language fluency. Lastly, they presented their findings of a study that hypothesized that perceived racism would be inversely related to ethnic identity in U.S.-born Latina/o undergraduates. The author of this source is Carlos P. Hipolito-Delgado, an Associate Professor at UCLA. I consider this source to be reliable due to the classes Delgado teaches, Counseling Issues and Ethics and Multicultural/Diversity Issues in Counseling Individuals/Family. I do not consider this source to be biased due to how they carried out their study. Their participants were from various Latina/o university student organizations and were invited throughout electronic emailing lists. They consisted of 258 women, 113 men, one transgender individual, and one who refused to name their gender. The lack of restrictions creates the idea that they are not choosing certain individuals to produce results in their favor. I will mainly be using this source to bring up the fact that internalized racism and perceived racism should be taken more seriously due to the stress it causes which hinders Latina/o ability to function normally in everyday life such as pursuing an education.
Hunter, Margaret. “Colorism in the Classroom: How Skin Tone Stratifies African Americans and Latina/o Students.” Theory into Practice, vol. 55 Issue 1, 2016, p54-61. Ebscohost.
This article focuses on theorizing the mechanisms of color-based discrimination in the classroom due to the lack of investigations conducted on the matter. Two key terms discussed were “racial capital” and the “halo effect.” They were defined and were thoroughly explained in how they are used against darker skinned Latino/as and African Americans regarding their educational opportunities. This article was written by Margaret Hunter, a professor of sociology at Mills College in Oakland California. This appears to be a reliable source due to Hunter’s multiple conference presentations concerning colorism and similar topics which date all the way back to 1996 to present. Hunter’s numerous memberships in professional associations also help to instill a sense of trustworthiness. This source does not seem to be biased because it does not seem to have any malicious intent and uses an informative tone. I will use this article to explain how racial capital and the halo effect perpetuate the feeling of inferiority in darker skinned Latinos and a sense of superiority in lighter skinned Latinos.
Irizarry, Jason G. What Latino Students Want from School.” Educational Leadership, vol. 72, p66-71. Gale Power Search.
This article gives a voice to Latino students on wanting to be given more rigorous courses and be taught through their cultural identities. They state that they simply began to consider themselves and Latinos to be “dumb” because only white students were put into “challenging classes.” Jason G. Irizarry is an associate professor in the Department of Educational Leadership and faculty associate in El Instituto. I deem this source as accurate by his work focusing on pointing out issues involving educator preparation. This source is not bias because he interviewed students in the school at random. I will use this source to show that when Latino students see a lack of support for students that are Latino and a substantial amount of support for non-Latino white students they begin to feel that their own ethnicity is the issue.
Monzo, Lilia D. “They Don’t Know Anything!: Latinx Immigrant Students Appropriating the Oppressor’s Voice.” Anthropology and Education Quarterly, June 2016, p148-166. Ebscohost.
Internalized racism that exists within the Latinx community over “ethnic identity” is mentioned in this source. The Eurocentric curriculum that erases people of color, English-only instruction, and increasingly policed schools are said to prepare Latinx students for low-skilled labor. This article goes further into discussing how internalized racism develops in Latinx immigrant youths or Latinos with immigrant parents due to their feelings that their parents are “too Mexican” or “too Guatemalan” in their rules and actions. This was written by Lilia D. Monzo, an assistant professor at Chapman University. The trustworthiness of this source can be found through her list of references. This source is not biased because it is not viewing one generation of Latinx as more valid than another like some tend to. I will use this to show that internalized oppression can happen because of generational differences and how the public education systems nurtures feelings of resentment towards parents from their children due to their lack of understanding of the English language.
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Consider the instructions you’ve been given or consult your instructor to determine what kind of annotations they’re looking for: Descriptive annotations: When the assignment is just about gathering and summarizing information, focus on the key... Evaluative annotations: When the assignment is about ...
Sample Annotated Paper - APA Style 7th Edition. Annotated Student Sample Paper. Annotated Professional Sample Paper. Sample Student Paper (no annotations) Last Updated: Aug 1, 2022 2:33 PM.
Owl: Welcome to Annotating an Essay or Book, an instructional video on reading comprehension brought to you by the Excelsior University Online Writing Lab. Whether you’re reading an essay or book for class or just for fun, it can be difficult to understand what the author is trying to say.
The annotation above both summarizes and assesses the book in the citation. The first paragraph provides a brief summary of the author's project in the book, covering the main points of the work. The second paragraph points out the project’s strengths and evaluates its methods and presentation.
Annotating an essay can be a fun process. It can allow you to let your opinions loose as you dissect a piece paragraph by paragraph. When you annotate an essay you ask questions and follow a few basic steps based on your own ideas and opinions. It can be an invitation to let your thoughts fly.
Faculty. Bruce Brogdon. English Composition I: Summer II. (ENGL 1301) Sample Annotated Essay.
That said, here are some of the key things usually included in an annotated bibliography: Summary: Central theme and scope of the book/article Topics covered Main arguments and ideas Background information... Central theme and scope of the book/article Topics covered Main arguments and ideas ...
An annotated essay is a type of essay that requires a student to examine, explain, and evaluate the work under review. The student must identify thе main ideas, characters, themes, and broader significance of a book, article, or other work under review. An annotated essay requires the student tо dо the following:
Annotated Bibliography Gonzalez, Juan Carlos. “The Ordinary-ness of Institutional Racism.” American Educational History Journal, vol. 34 Issue 2, p331-342. Ebscohost. This source focuses on how institutional racism has had a negative impact on the Latina/o educational experience as far back as 1930.
An annotated essay is a written piece of text that examines several related texts. You know what an essay is--a coherent, unified, focused, developed and organized piece of writing. The difference is your subject will be three to four related texts that you have read and will now explain, summarize and comment upon in your essay. The