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Disaster Management Essay
Essay on Disaster Management
Disaster Management is the arrangement and management of the resources following a disaster, be it natural or man-made. There are so many organizations who are dealing with various types of disastrous situations from the humanitarian aspect. Some disasters are just the consequences of human hazards and some are caused by natural calamity. However, we can prevent them by taking the necessary emergency measures to save and preserve lives. As natural disasters cannot be predicted, they can take place anywhere at any time.
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Disaster Management’ is the simple term of management which embraces loads of disaster-related activities. Disaster occurs frequently in some parts of the world. Japan is the best example of it. Japanese people are annoyed on Tsunamis and earthquakes. The local scene is not much different from the global one. No one could forget the cyclone in Orissa, Earthquake in Gujarat or even the Mumbai Terrorist Attack.
Natural and man-made are the two categories of the disaster. Natural disasters are those which occurred due to sudden changes in the environment or topography causing uncountable human as well as economic loss. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods and cloudbursts are few of the natural disasters. Manual intentional made disasters are man-made disasters. For example, Gas leakage, terrorist attacks, fire, oil spills. Man-made disasters are the result of human intentions or might be because of workmanship or technical errors. The count of man-made and natural disasters is rising rapidly.
Here are a few things which will help us to deal with earthquakes. The significant information about Natural calamities is predicted easier and is being shared within the public by the central bureau. Furthermore, earthquake-resistant structures are constructed considering, ‘Precaution is Better Than Cure’. Reflexes are made so strong that cover of solid platforms such as a table and chair should be taken as soon as the danger is sensible while the cover of trees, electric poles or buildings is avoided as far as possible. Keep in touch with local news during heavy rainy days. Any flood is preceded with significant time. Making proper use of divine buffer time for safety is advisable. Strategically planning of water reservoirs, land uses, tree plantation, rainwater harvesting techniques help us increase immunity power to fight against the drought.
National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), American Red Cross, Federal Emergency Management Agency, International Association of Emergency Managers etc. are the best disaster management authorities. NDMA is a core body which obeys the law of Disaster Management. The reputed disaster managers are stuck in finding plans for rescuing from the loss of disaster. Moreover, to counteract the effect of disaster Rajya Sabha passed the ‘Disaster Management Act’ on 23 December 2005 which includes 11 chapters and 79 sections in it. Honourable Prime Minister of India Mr Narendra Modi holds the position of chairman of it.
Youngsters should motivate themselves to learn and practice plenty of disaster management techniques and arrange the camps regarding it. Today, everyone is fighting against one of the breathtaking disasters named COVID-19 which is as big as fighting in world war. Avoiding the crowd, wearing the mask are the basic precautions suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO) during this period of fighting. This disease spreads mostly amongst the people who come in close contact with the infected one. So, it's suggested to keep a safe distance of around 3 meters within the others. This is being termed as ‘Social Distancing’. Nature is not cruel nor is it human. Just small management skills help us withstand before, in and after disasters. Uncountable suggestions and instructions in disaster management but few which apply every time must be followed.
Stages of Disaster Management
With proper implementation and structured action, we can prevent or lessen the impact of natural or man-made disasters. There are certain stages involving the cycle for disaster management plan which incorporates policies and emergency responses required for a prospectively complete recovery. The stages are –
The most preferred way to deal with disasters is to be proactive in their prevention rather than rushing later for their cure. This implies recognition of potential hazards and working towards infrastructure to mitigate their impact. This stage in the management cycle involves setting up permanent measures to minimize disaster risk.
Setting up an evacuation plan in a school, training the teachers to lead the students towards safe structures in the event of earthquake, tornado or fire, planning a strong base for high raised sky-scrapers to prepare for earthquakes and designing a city in such a manner that reduces the risk of flooding are some examples of measures takes for disaster prevention.
Mitigation is the first and the foremost attempt to save human lives during the time of disaster or their recovery from the aftermath. The measures which are taken can be both structural and non-structural.
Structural mitigation measures could include transforming the physical characteristics of a building or the surroundings to curb the effect, for example, clearing out of the trees around your house, ensuring that storms don’t knock down the trees and send them crashing into the house. Non-structural measures could include amending the building or locality codes to enhance safety and prevent disasters.
Preparedness
Preparedness is a process that involves a social community where the trained, or the head of the community, businesses and institutions demonstrate the plan of action which is supposed to be executed during the event of a disaster. It is an ongoing continuous process with anticipation of a calamity, which involves training, evaluating and taking corrective action with the highest level of alertness. Some examples of such prevention measures are fire drills, shooter drills and evacuation rehearsals.
The response is the action taken after the disaster has occurred to retrieve some life from it. It includes short-term and long-term responses. In ideal situations, the disaster-management leader will coordinate the use of resources in the restoration process and minimize the risk of further property damage.
During this stage, the area of the calamity is cleared if it poses any further threat to human as well as environmental life. For example, evacuation of the city of Chernobyl, Ukraine, is a responsive action against a disaster.
The fifth and last stage in the process of the disaster management plan is the recovery stage. This can sometimes take years or decades to happen. The larger mass of a city is also sometimes part of the recovery from a disaster. The greatest and the most infamous example of this is the Hiroshima and Nagasaki nuclear attacks on Japan, it took the people of those cities years and decades to recover from that man-made calamity.
It took years of effort to stabilize the area and restore essential community or individual functions. The recovery stage prioritizes the basic essential needs of human survival like food, drinkable water, utilities, transportation and healthcare over less-essential services. Eventually, this stage is all about coordinating with individuals, communities and businesses to help each other to restore a normal or a new normal, as in the case of Covid-19.
How to Act as a Responsible Person During a Time of Disaster?
Some people have more experience than others with managing natural or man-made disasters and their prevention of them. Although this is that subject of life which should be studied and implemented by every business or community. As it is said rightly, “prevention is better than cure”, and any organization or an individual or a community can be hit by a disaster sooner or later, whether it's something as minor as a prolonged power cut or a life-threatening hurricane or an earthquake. Usually, the pandemics train us, as a social and political community, to deal with natural calamities and compel the organizations responsible for it, to build an infrastructure for its prevention.
To act responsibly and pro-actively during the event of a disaster, we have got to be prepared and equipped as a nation, individually and as a social community. To be well-educated and read with the aspects of disaster management is to be responsible for the handling of it.
FAQs on Disaster Management Essay
1. What is Disaster Management?
In simpler words, disaster management can be defined as the arrangement of resources and precautions to deal with all humanitarian aspects during an emergency. Disasters are the consequences of natural or human hazards. Earthquakes, floods, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes are some of the deadliest natural disasters to name a few. Examples of man-made disasters are bomb blast, radiations, transport accidents, terrorist attacks etc.
2. What is the Main Aim of Disaster Management?
The main aim of disaster management is prevention, rescue and recovery from the trauma, and development.
3. How to Write an Essay on Disaster Management?
Disaster management refers to the response to an emergency situation to make it as normal as possible. While writing an essay on Disaster Management, you can start with an introduction, then go on with the definition, the types of disaster management, a little in-depth explanation along with examples, and finish it off with a conclusion.
4. Can I Get a Sample Essay on Disaster Management from Vedantu?
Yes, the essay mentioned on this page is about Disaster Management. This essay has been written by the experts of Vedantu keeping the understanding ability of the students of each class.
5. What are the career opportunities in the field of Disaster management?
People looking for career opportunities in the field of disaster management have many pathways to approach it. Some examples of the jobs relating to this line of work are crisis-management leader, disaster-assistance specialist and emergency-planning coordinator. These are the roles which call for varying levels of responsibility in preparing a city or a company for catastrophic events. The job roles can be approached with earning a master’s degree in emergency and crisis management.
What Is Disaster Management? Understanding Emergencies From Prevention to Mitigation
The 2021 Surfside condo collapse in Florida destroyed homes and lives. In the same year, unprecedented deluges flooded Germany and China, with tragic results. We cannot entirely avoid disasters, but we can prepare for and address them.
Prevention efforts and coordinated responses to disasters save lives and lessen their impact on communities. Professionals in disaster management play a crucial role in preventing suffering, protecting people’s livelihoods, and helping communities recover. What is disaster management? To answer the question, you should examine how these professionals deal with disaster — before, during, and after it strikes.
Defining Disaster Management
Disasters take many shapes. Human-made disasters result from human errors and include industrial explosions or structure failures. Natural disasters result from physical phenomena and include earthquakes and droughts. Disasters classified as complex can include epidemics or armed conflicts.
In whatever form, disasters disrupt communities and can take a serious toll on people, property, economies, and the environment. They often stretch a community’s capacity to cope.
Disaster management is a process of effectively preparing for and responding to disasters. It involves strategically organizing resources to lessen the harm that disasters cause. It also involves a systematic approach to managing the responsibilities of disaster prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery.
Understanding Risks in Disaster Management
Often, issues such as a poorly maintained levee system or other negligence can worsen the outcome of a disaster. Such was the case when Hurricane Katrina overwhelmed New Orleans’ levees in 2005.
By addressing deferred infrastructure maintenance and other causal factors, governments and organizations can often prevent, or at least reduce, the fallout of disasters.
Disaster management involves examining and managing causal factors. It requires assessing the extent to which a community can withstand a disaster. Some communities are more vulnerable than others. For example, poorer communities have fewer resources to prepare themselves for a storm or bounce back from flood damage.
Disaster management also involves analyzing exposure to loss. For example, homes built below sea level may face greater exposure to flooding if a hurricane hits them.
The Scope of Disaster Management
Disaster management has a broad scope. To understand what disaster management is, it is useful to study prevention, preparedness, and response and recovery.
Mitigation and prevention efforts aim to reduce the potential damage and suffering that disasters can cause. While disaster management cannot prevent disasters, it can prevent them from becoming compounded as a result of neglecting causal factors and manageable risks. Mitigation specifically refers to actions taken that can lessen the severity of a disaster’s impact. Investing in measures that limit hazards can greatly reduce the burden of disasters.
Strategies that disaster management professionals implement to protect vulnerable communities and limit hazards include the following:
- Raising awareness about potential hazards and how to address them
- Educating the public about how to properly prepare for different types of disaster
- Installing and strengthening prediction and warning systems
Managing hazards and risks means planning to minimize a community’s vulnerability to disasters. This can involve:
- Encouraging community members to buy appropriate insurance to protect their properties and belongings
- Educating families and businesses on how to create effective disaster plans
- Promoting the use of fire-retardant materials in construction
- Advocating for capital works initiatives, such as the construction and maintenance of levees
- Building partnerships between sectors and agencies at the federal, state, and local levels to collaborate on mitigation projects
Disaster management professionals working on mitigation efforts also focus on the following:
Land Use and Building Codes
Building schools, hospitals, and neighborhoods in flood-prone areas increases their exposure to disasters. Disaster management spotlights these risks and presents ideas to use land in safer ways.
For example, rather than constructing homes in floodplains, community planners can designate those areas as places for outdoor recreation, wildlife attractions, or hiking trails. They can also urge people to avoid these areas during flood season. These measures make residents and their homes less vulnerable to harm.
Additionally, mitigation efforts can do the following:
- Address ways to engineer bridges to sustain earthquakes
- Enforce building codes that safeguard buildings during hurricanes
Critical Infrastructure
Protecting critical infrastructure during a disaster can mean the difference between life and death. Critical infrastructure, which comprises the systems and assets vital to a community’s economy, security, and public health, deserves special attention as regards disaster management mitigation.
Setting up protective measures that limit damage to water and wastewater systems or nuclear plants, for example, can prevent serious repercussions.
As an example, Japan experienced devastating physical and psychological consequences after a 2011 earthquake triggered a tsunami. The inundation of water cut off the power supply to the cooling system for Fukushima Daiichi reactors, leading to a massive nuclear accident.
Preparedness
Well-coordinated responses to disasters require prior planning. This helps ensure fast, effective response efforts and limits duplicated efforts.
Disaster preparedness plans:
- Identify organizational resources
- Designate roles and responsibilities
- Create procedures and policies
- Organize activities that improve disaster readiness
Anticipating the needs of communities that disasters affect improves the quality of the response efforts. Building the capacities of volunteers, personnel, and disaster management teams to respond to disasters also makes the response efforts more effective.
Plans may include the following:
- Emergency shelter sites
- Evacuation routes
- Emergency energy and water sources
They may also address:
- Chains of command
- Training programs
- Communication procedures
- Emergency supply distribution
- Stockpile needs
Contingency Planning
Disaster readiness calls for contingency planning, advance decisions about managing human and monetary resources, coordinating procedures between different agencies, and organizing logistics.
Contingency plans answer three basic questions:
- What will happen?
- What will the response be?
- What will be done ahead of time to prepare?
Response and Recovery
During and immediately after an emergency, disaster management focuses on delivering help and interventions that can save lives, safeguard health, and protect buildings, animals, and community property. Following an initial response, efforts shift toward supporting communities as they rebuild emotionally, economically, and physically.
Disaster Relief
Disaster relief addresses the immediate and short-term needs of disaster-affected communities. It can include evacuations, search and rescue missions, and emergency medical assistance.
Examples of disaster relief are:
- Setting up temporary shelters that provide a safe place to sleep, food, and emotional support from trained personnel
- Delivering meals and water
- Distributing emergency supplies and necessities, such as toiletries for hygiene and tarps, shovels, trash bags for cleanup efforts
- Providing emergency health services, such as first aid for injuries and prescription medication replacements
Emergency management helps communities rebuild their lives after trauma. This involves longer-term efforts to restore:
- Infrastructure systems
- Individual and community health
Federal agencies and supporting organizations help communities with problem-solving and finding resources as they redevelop and revitalize.
Recovery assistance may include the following:
- Unemployment assistance
- Housing assistance
- Legal services
- Mental health counseling
- Disaster case management
Protect Communities by Launching a Career in Disaster Management
What is disaster management? It is a comprehensive approach to preventing, preparing for, responding to, and aiding in emergency recovery efforts. Whether spearheading emergency management for human-made or natural disasters, professionals in the field play invaluable roles in saving lives and reducing suffering.
Explore what it takes to become an expert in disaster management by learning more about Tulane University’s Master of Public Health in Disaster Management .
Recommended Readings
Climate Change and Its Threat to Food Security
Health Inequality: Examining Public Health Disparities by ZIP Code
What Is Environmental Justice? An Introduction to Fair Treatment
AkitaBox, “4 Phases of Disaster Management Explained (The Easy Way)”
American Red Cross, Disaster Relief
Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance, Disaster Management Overview & Definitions
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Natural Disasters and Severe Weather
City of New Bedford, Disaster Mitigation
Federal Emergency Management Agency, National Incident Management System
IFRC, Contingency Planning
IFRC, Disaster Preparedness
Physiopedia, Disaster Management
Queensland Government, Disaster Management
Queensland Government, Preparedness Arrangements
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Emergency Management Directors
U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Disaster Response and Recovery
U.S. Department of the Interior, Natural Disaster Response and Recovery
World Vision, What Is Disaster Management?
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Disaster Management Essay in English
Disaster Management Essay – Hey guys today we are going to learn Disaster Management Essay writing. Disaster Management essay was asked in SSC exam and Disaster Management essay was asked in 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 classes. Sometime you may get a question like “disaster management essay in English” and “essay on disaster management in 150 words”. If you need Disaster Management essay pdf let us know.
Disaster Management Essay in 100 Words
Disaster management refers to protecting and saving as many lives and property as we can during the occurrence of natural or man-made disasters. It is a multi-faceted program which deals with issues such as floods, hurricanes, cyclones, fires, earthquakes, droughts and landslides. These disasters and some man-made occurrences result is the massive scale of lives being lost and property getting damaged. Disaster management teaches us the art of trying to reduce the harm caused by disasters. India has set up various institutions that deal with the disaster management. Institutes like National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) are specifically set up for this reason only. It is a tough process, intense research and precautionary measures need to be taken, to timely combat the situation.
Disaster Management Essay in 150 Words
Disasters are a very common occurrence in the society. Disasters come in varied forms. Even varied, these things affect the species greatly, leaving no stones unturned. It affects the lives of all the strata’s of society. According to a latest development in the World Disaster Reports, these calamities have been taking place more frequently and are more intense than ever. As technology progresses, the force of disasters are also changing rapidly.
Because of its geographical formation and geographical location, india is highly disaster prone country. The nation has faced a lot of disasters varying from floods, droughts, earthquakes, cyclones, tsunami, landslides etc. all these calamities have taken a toll on the people affected by these. A large chunk of the property has been damaged and thousands of people have been displaced from the homes. The government has set up various institutions to combat these situations and have come up with various measure and guidelines to keep people safe and aware on how to deal with these calamities.
Disaster Management Essay in 200 Words
Disasters are an unexpected commotion that troubles the functioning of a state or region. It causes great amount of damage to the humans, animals, environment as well as property. Disasters can natural as well as man-made.
Disaster management is a strategy developed to deal with such problems. It is there to make efforts to decrease the hazards caused by such things. There are various institutions set up by the government to conduct research and development concerning these disasters and come up with new ways to battle and reduce the damage that has happened to the society and the lives of people.
National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) has been set up to keep a tab and send out immediate responses towards man-made and natural disasters. The organisation runs various programs regarding improvement and responsiveness towards these life-threatening situations. National cyclone risk management project, school safety project, decision support system are few of the programs that are run by the NDMA.
So far, we have seen the lack of preparation and alertness from the NDMA whenever a disaster has struck the nation. Hence, the NDMA must make more efforts to increase their efficiency to reduce the losses caused by the disasters. The people of the country must also band together and become more on how to battle with these situation.
Disaster Management Essay in 250 Words
By a disaster, we mean, an unexpected, cataclysmic occurrence that disturbs the running of a community or society and causes human, material, and environmental losses that take a lot of time to recover from and are known to cause the population and property an immense amount of risk and damages that takes a lot of time to recover. So, disaster management basically refers to the art of protecting and preserving lives and property during a natural disaster.
The disasters are usually caused by nature, some misshapes do take place because of man-made follies. India is known to be susceptible to the natural disasters because of the country’s unique geo-climatic environment. Floods, earthquakes and droughts are a common occurrence.
In India, 59% of the landmass is prone to earthquakes. Over 40 million hectares of land is prone to floods and droughts are also a continuous occurrence that happens once or twice a year on a regular basis. According to national research, from the years1990-2000, 4344 people lost their lives and 30 million people were affected gravely by the disasters every year. That is why disaster management is an essential part of our.
The government and the citizens must all be prepared when a disaster strikes. The government needs to put more efforts, resources and manpower into the disaster management institutions, so we are taught on how to deal with such grave situations. The government also needs to be prepared themselves, on how to provide the rescue services and reaching the affecting area before the calamity strikes.
Disaster Management Essay in 300 Words
Disaster, whether natural or man-made, have been part of man’s evolution since time immemorial. Disaster often strikes without warnings like tsunami, cyclone, earthquake, flood, accidents, plane crash, forests fires, chemical disaster etc. which results in huge loss of lives and property. The plans and measures to mitigate and prevent the impact of the disaster are called disaster management.
The term disaster management includes all aspects of preventive and protective measures, preparedness and relief operations for mitigating the impact of the disaster. The whole process of disaster management can be divided into two phases: the first one is, Pre-disaster planning. This includes prevention, mitigation and preparedness focused on reducing the human and property losses caused by a potential hazard.
In case of the super cyclone in Odisha, 1999 we lost more than 13000 lives with huge damage to property. Whereas, in 2013, when cyclone phylum hit, which was kind of repeat strong 1999 cyclone with almost similar intensity. But the impact was entirely opposite of 1999. The number of death toll reduced to just 22. This is due to pre-disaster planning.
The second one is post-disaster activities. This includes response, recovery and reconstruction. The response phase included the search and rescue, evacuation, fulfilling the basic need of the victims, immediate medical help assistance by regional, national and International bodies. The immediate goal of the recovery phase is to bring the affected areas back to some degree of normalcy. For reducing disaster impact, in resource-scarce nations, it is important to make ex-ante risk reduction investment in development planning. Moving from risk blind to a risk-informed decision for making investment would be a prudent choice.
We cannot stop disaster but we can minimise them and arm ourselves with knowledge so that too many lives wouldn’t have to be lost.
Disaster Management Essay in 350 Words
Disaster management is defined as the process of saving and protecting mankind and property from the atrocities of natural and man-made disasters. Many times natural disasters like floods, hurricanes, earthquakes, cyclones, droughts, and landslides cause great harm to people and their property and result in massive destruction.
Therefore, disaster management is the art of reducing the impact of disasters on human life and property. Disaster management is basically divided into four stages namely mitigation, attentiveness, reaction, and recovery. It is obvious that we cannot stop natural disasters from occurring but we can always take some steps to reduce the amount of damage it causes to the earth. Hence, management is all about lessening the damage up to a greater extent.
There are ways through which we can manage the disasters some of which are:
One must be aware of the disasters and hazards that may occur in a particular area. Usually, disasters occur according to certain geographical locations so one should know that their area is prone to which type of disasters so that they can take various precautions and can prevent themselves from emergency conditions.
Connect with people through social media and get information from the experts who are aware of preventive measures and techniques.
You must have a first aid kit in a store that can help you in an emergency situation. Also, try to keep in-stock food and other essential items that can help you during the disaster.
In order to ensure your safety and security, you must keep in touch with your friends or family who live far from your disaster-hit area so that in case you are evacuated, you can take shelter in their home.
Buying flood insurance, using heavy furniture in the house are some of the other ways to reduce the impact of disasters on your family.
In conclusion, the government and other organizations must make efforts to provide disaster management and follow various methodologies to secure people and their property from the disasters.
Disaster Management Essay 500 Words
Introduction
The mother has many demonstrations- compassionate as well as aggressive. Its kind to the mankind most of the times but there are times, where it can aggressive. And when it gets aggressive, it is known to bring about catastrophic devastation that is commonly known as disaster.
Definition of disaster
According to the Cambridge Dictionary, “A disaster is an event that results in great harm and causes damage, death or serious difficulty.”
The word ‘Disaster’ is derived from the middle French word ‘desastre’. The origin of this French word comes from the Ancient Greek word “Dus” which means ‘bad’ and “Aster” which means ‘star’. The root of the word disaster comes from the astrological sense of a calamity blamed on the positions of the planets.
Categorization of disasters
The disasters are categorized into two types:
- Natural disasters
Man-made disasters
- Natural disasters:
A natural disaster is an unfavourable event that results from natural processes of the Earth. A natural disaster or calamity can cause damage to property and loss of life. Tsunami, floods, cyclones, droughts, earthquakes are some of the examples of a natural calamity. Apart from the loss of life, these disasters leave a lot of economic damage in its wake.
Man-made disasters are the ramifications of technological hazards. Fires, transport accidents, nuclear explosions, terrorist attacks, oil spills and war all fall into this category.
Disasters in India:
No country is safe from the disasters, so is India. Due to its geographical location and diverse climates, India is a highly disaster prone country. The country has faced a lot of disasters ranging from earthquakes, cyclones, droughts, floods, windstorms and landslides etc. There have been a few recent disasters in India such as the floods in Kerala, cyclones in Tamil Nadu, earthquakes in North India. The gas tragedy in Bhopal is an example of a technology related disaster that took place in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh in 1994.
After-effects:
The after-effects of a disaster can be deadly. There is a huge loss of life of humans as well as the livestock. Damage of property is also a repercussion of the disasters that take place.
Disaster Management:
Disaster management can be defined as the organisation and management of responsibilities and resources for dealing with the humanitarian aspects of emergency, to lessen the impact of disasters.
In India, the government has set up various institutions, funds to lessen the impact of disasters on the people of the affected areas and the country. Organisations like National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Central Water Commission (CWC) are working tirelessly to aid and do conducive research in combating and helping the people during disasters in the best way possible.
Due to the lack of coordination and communication between the state and central government, the resources and the manpower take more time than usual. Another reason is the lack of resources available.
Conclusion:
As disasters cannot be avoided, we can always be prepared for them beforehand. And for that, we need to be up to date with the latest technologies so the impact on the lives of people, animals and plants can be lessened.
Disaster Management Essay 600 Words
India, due to its geographical locations and geological formations, is a highly disaster-prone country. Its long coastline, snow clad high peaks, high mountain ranges, the perennial rivers in the north all combine to add to this problem. India, which has only two percent the total geographical area, has to support 16 percent of total world population. Naturally, there is a tremendous pressure on the natural resources, which directly or indirectly lead to the occurrence of disasters, namely floods, droughts, landslides, earthquakes, etc.
Like human population, India has to support large cattle population, which also heavily depends on biomass and graze into the forest area. The forest cover with more than 0.4 density is 12 percent of the land area, through forest, at present, is 23 per cent. Due to overgrazing, the quality of the soil is also degrading resulting in soil erosion, silting of rivers, removal of fertile soil and heavy silting of cultivable land. We see heavy rainfall during the monsoon, sometimes 100 cm rain in 36 hours or getting the whole monsoon rain two to three days like the ones in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Kolkata. From the region-wise analysis, it is clear that northern region of India is faced with problems of avalanches, landslides, floods, drought and earthquakes because this region falls under the seismic zones III and V. The Eastern region is confronted with the heavy floods in the perennial river of Brahmaputra, Ganga, etc. Drought, heat wave, hailstorm, earthquake are also common in this region.
The Northeastern region faces the natural disaster in the form of flood, landslides, wind outrage, earthquake as most of this part of the country comes under the seismic zones IV and V. The Western region is widely known for severe drought, wind erosion and land and soil, flood and cyclone. This area is also prone to earthquakes. The Southern region, particularly the coastal region is vulnerable to cyclones, sea erosion, tsunami, landslides. The islands of Andaman & Nicobar and Lakshadweep are confronted with the problem of sea erosion and tsunami. India coastal area faced some of the sea erosion and tsunami. India coastal area faced some of the severest cyclones both in Eastern coast and Western coast.
India has faced a number of disasters, ranging from flood, earthquakes, cyclones, tsunami, drought, landslides. A few recent disasters faced by India include Uttar Kashi earthquake in UP in 1991, Latur earthquake in Maharashtra in 1993, Chamah earthquake in Gujarat, a super cyclone in Orissa in 1999, Bhuj earthquake in Gujarat in 2001, Tsunami in 2004 and Mumbai-Gujarat flood in 2005. Besides, India has a bad experience of technology-related tragedy in the form of gas tragedy in Bhopal in 1984. India also faced the problem of Plague in Gujarat.
At the state level, there is a State Level Disaster Management Committee consisting of senior secretaries of various departments and representatives of the NGOs. At the national level, there is a Crisis Management Committee headed by the Cabinet Secretary and secretaries from major departments of governments. In 1999 a high powered Committee on Disaster Management was set up by the Government of India to look into the existing disaster management system in the country and to suggest measures to improve it. Besides, a Calamity Relief Fund has been constituted with a contribution in ratio 3:1 between the Centre and the respective State Government. The Eleventh Finance Commission has recommended nearly Rs. 11,000 crore for the period spread over five years, while the Twelfth Finance Commission has also recommended a Rs 23,000 crore assistance for the states.
Disaster Management has assumed great importance in recent times. To handle the situation efficiently, we need to be well-equipped with the latest technologies. It cannot avert the situation but can mitigate its impacts.
Disaster Management Essay 800 Words
Introduction:
India is a disaster prone country. The earth has many manifestations- most of the times it’s going smooth, sometimes it can be hostile. When it gets hostile, it is known to bring about a catastrophe that could wreak havoc to a country or a region. This type of devastation is known as disaster.
Definition of disaster:
Disasters are the repercussions of natural or man-made hazards. Since we cannot disasters from coming, but we can always stay prepared and curb the effects by proper management in order to reduce the loss of lives and assets.
Types of disasters:
Disasters are of two types: natural and man-made.
A natural disaster is an unfavourable event results from the natural processes of the earth. Tsunami, floods, earthquakes, cyclones, droughts, landslides are some of the examples of a natural disaster.
- Man-made disasters:
Man-made disasters are the ramifications of technological hazards. Fires, transport accidents, nuclear explosions, terrorist attacks, oil spills and war, all fall into this category.
Meaning of disaster management:
Disaster Management is the discipline by which man makes constant efforts to decrease the damage caused by the disasters. There are two types of disasters: natural and man-made.
Disaster management can broadly be divided into three parts, before, during and after the disaster.
- Pre-disaster Management:
It is related to the rescue even before the disaster strikes. The main motive of this is to lessen the impact and curb the loss of human life and other species. The Pre-Disaster Management includes development of information technology, assessment of disaster, and issuance of warning to the people through radio and media etc. in case a disaster strikes, transportation of the people to a safe place, mobilization of resources for necessary action.
- Management during disasters:
The accomplishment of this phase is contingent to the level of preparation of the pre disaster management phase. This depends on the swift action and the coordination of the victims during the time of the calamity and safely transporting them to safety shelters. In this phase; food, clothing, shelter and health facilities are provided to the aggrieved people.
- Post Disaster management:
Reconstruction, redevelopment of the affected areas is conducted. The affected people are given rehabilitation, employment and compensation to help them get back to their feet.
Institutions in India:
National disaster management authority (NDMA): National Disaster Management Authority is an agency of the Ministry of Home Affairs whose main purpose is to coordinate response to natural and man-made disasters. The organisation was established through the disaster management act introduced by the government of india in 2005. The agency is accountable for framing policies, laying down guidelines and coordinating with the State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) to ensure a holistic and dispersed approach to disaster management.
National Remote Sensing Centre:
National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) is one of the centres of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). NRSC manages data from aerial and satellite sources.
Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR):
The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) , the top body in India for the formulation, organization and endorsement of biomedical research. It is one of the oldest and largest medical research bodies in the world. The ICMR is funded by the Government of India through the Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
Central Water Commission (CWS):
The Commission is allotted with the responsibilities of initiating, coordinating and furthering in consultation for the State governments especially during the times when a calamity strikes. It is therefore, entrusted with the coordination of schemes for control, conservation and utilization of water resources throughout the country, for purpose of flood control, irrigation, navigation, and drinking water supply and water power development.
Prevention and Control:
Natural disasters are unstoppable; we cannot stop them from happening even if we have all the technology to predict the disasters from taking place. The best thing we can do to avoid upcoming disasters is to avoid the practices that may lead towards environmental degradation.
Disasters lead to massive destruction, loss of life, displacement of people. During that time, being prepared comes off as a good thing by providing people with first aid facilities to the affected people. We can control an escalating situation is to provide rescue and relief to the people.
In order to deal with a disaster, we need to be well-equipped with the latest technologies. We should be well informed and briefed on the topic of disaster management. We should work in tandem with the aid and the government. That’s how we can deal with the aftermath of a disaster.
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Disaster Management: School Project / Essay
June 8, 2018 by studymumbai Leave a Comment
Find projects/ project report on Disaster Management for school students.
- Natural Disasters: Earthquake, Volcanoes, Floods, Tsunami, Drought, etc.
- Man Made Disasters: Terrorism, Technological, Nuclear, Biological, Chemical, etc.
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Change in climate, unstable land forms, deforestation, unplanned growth proliferation, are some of the reasons which make disaster-prone areas mere vulnerable. Tardy communication, poor or no budgetary allocation for disaster prevention are some of the reasons why developing countries suffer more or less chronically by natural disasters. India has been traditionally vulnerable to natural disasters on account ofits unique geo-climatic conditions. Floods, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes and landslides have been a recurrent phenomena. Disasters may cause great damage, loss, destruction and devastation to life and property.
Project report on disaster management should include types of Disasters, causes and measure to be taken, and lots of pictures. The project report should include features including advantages / roles and the implementation of the Disaster Management for events.
We can help you make project reports on various Disaster events. The project report is readily available for print as well as for power point presentation.
The projects are made to help students excel in their reports and presentations, and also learn the concepts of Disaster Management.
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Disaster Preparedness, Essay Example
Pages: 3
Words: 857
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Individuals and societies are on a daily basis exposed and prone to disaster and calamities. Disaster is any event or occurrence, which might cause damage to property, deaths, health deterioration and disruption to ecology. Disaster affects and disrupts daily activities at both individual level and society as a large. Examples of disasters include fires, floods, epidemics, and explosions among others. It is important to note that disaster being a sudden, extraordinary, or a catastrophe, need preparedness to handle and curb the situation (Endsly, 1988). The control measures and precautions achieved through disaster preparedness.
Disaster preparedness is a state of being ready to counter the effects of a foreseen event with the aim of minimizing and reducing the risks and dangers involved. Disaster preparedness does involve the provision of assistance by offering assistance and stepping after the occurrence of a disaster. Disaster preparedness can be immediate or long-term; the immediate response usually known as emergency preparedness. The process involves risk identification and mitigation with the intention of developing a plan and ways of implementing it. The process involves risk identification and mitigation with the intention of developing a plan and implementing it. There are several organizations and institutions, which assist disaster victims and devising ways of controlling future occurrences of the risks. These organizations are usually prepared they have device ways and methods of disaster preparedness achieved by getting facts about the nature of the possible disasters, gathering necessary resources and equipping personnel with appropriate skills to handle risks in case of occurrence of a risk. Related to disaster is bio-surveillance.
Bio-surveillance involves mitigation measures, which entails gathering, integrating, interpreting and communicating essential information related to hazards and diseases, which is a threat to life (Cuny & Fredrick, 1983). The process achieves its objectives by detecting the occurrence of an incident in time a creating health awareness of the problem in question, for effective decision-making. There is a need for every community to adopt a bio-surveillance process. There is a need for bio-surveillance in the community as it creates awareness in threats associated with health. The community will be in a position to device effective ways to curb the problem. Through the process, further discussion concerning pest events and associated risks promoted; this has been of significance in devising new methods to solve the problem. Bio-surveillance is normally conducted by federal, state, local, or private entities.
The 2001 Anthrax spores release as a terrorist weapon became the biggest threat to life, since it can be inhaled when released to the air. Several cases of respiratory problems were reported. It is clear that the inhalation can cause death to individuals exposed. The United States militants as a way of attacking its enemies used the method. Being a threat to life and exposing human life to dangers, the militants should have used different ways as a weapon of attacking terrorists. The anthrax outbreak caused many deaths and several were left with respiratory problems, fatigue, breathing difficulties and memory loss. Different weapons for attacking terrorists should have been used, for example, use of nuclear weapons as since it has less effect to human health compared to anthrax spores.
RAIN (Recognize, Avoid, Isolate and Notify) concept in disaster preparedness assists individuals and organizations reduce the risks associated with hazard occurrence. The concept involves four steps; recognize the hazard or risk likely to occur, device ways and means of recognizing and look for a possible solution. Hazard avoidance is the next steps, after recognizing the likelihood of occurrence, try to avoid the risk done achieved through various ways like using alternative ways rather than watching occur. Isolation is done through ways such as evading the place where the hazard is the likelihood of occurrence, in cases of infectious diseases; persons with the disease are isolated from the rest to curb its spread. Hazard notification is the last alternative after all the steps fail or is not applicable. With notification, public are notified concerning the occurrence of the hazard they are made aware. RAIN concept overtime has been a useful tool when dealing with disaster; it has achieved its objectives.
The 2009 Influenza A (HINI1 virus) was a serious threat to human, many cases of the infection were reported. The infection cause many deaths, as the virus was transmitted through various ways. The nursing staff was a higher risk of being infected when dealing with patients. CDC thus step in and device safety guidance for nurses and other workers to follow. Facemasks and respirators use was recommended for them. N95 facemasks were appropriate for nurses dealing with severe illnesses of both HIN1 and influenza. This was effective in reducing the number of nurses being infected and to reduce the transmission of the infection.
Broad, B. & William J. (2002). “Geographic Gaffe Misguides Anthrax Inquiry “. New York, NY: The New York Times.
Cuny, M. & Frederick, C. (1983). Disasters and Development . New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Endsley, M. (1988). Design and evaluation for situation awareness enhancement. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 32 Annual Meeting . Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors Society.
Krimgold, G. & Frederick, S. (1974). The Role of International Aid For Pre-Disaster Planning in Developing Countries . Avdelningen For Arkitektur, Stockholm.
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Disaster Management in India Essay
A disaster is an extreme disruption in the functioning of a habitat that causes widespread human, material, or environmental losses that exceed the ability of the affected population to cope with its own resources. Landslides, earthquakes, tsunami, cyclones, droughts, floods etc are some of the examples of disasters. Disaster management is the discipline by which human beings continuously make effort to mitigate the harm caused by the disasters.
Long and Short Essays on disaster management in English
Disaster management is a topic on which students are generally asked to write essays. We are providing below essays on the same with different words limit, so the respective essay could be picked up by the students as per their requirements.
Disaster Management Essay 1 (100 words)
Disaster refers to the mishap, calamity or the grave occurrence from the natural or man-made reasons which can’t be stopped or tackled immediately by the affected community. Earthquakes, cyclones, droughts, floods etc are some of the natural disasters resulting into huge loss of lives and properties. The direct or indirect impacts of disasters, either natural or man-made are colossal damage, destruction and death.
The disaster management is the discipline by which human beings continuously makes efforts to reduce the harm caused by the disasters. India has set up many departments and organizations for the same such as national disaster management authority (NDMA). But we are yet to achieve satisfactory progress with regard to timely management of disasters. This can be done by raising adequate awareness about the ways to cope with disasters and greater co-ordination between the centre and state agencies.
Disaster Management Essay 2 (200 words)
A disaster is a sudden, calamitous event that seriously disturbs the functioning of a community or society and causes human, material, and environmental losses that exceed the community’s or society’s ability to cope with using its own resources. Though often caused by nature, disasters can have human origin as well such as major fire or leakage in a nuclear plant due to human negligence.
Disaster management is a well-planned strategy for making efforts to reduce the hazards caused by the disasters. Disaster management though does not avert or eliminate the threats; it focuses on formulating plans to decrease the effect of disasters. In India, national disaster management authority (NDMA) has been set up to coordinate responses to natural or man-made disasters across the country. NDMA runs various programs for mitigation and responsiveness for specific situations.
These include the national cyclone risk management project, school safety project, decision support system etc. But going by the lack of preparedness exposed by the outbreak of recent disasters in the country, the NDMA needs to make more organized and effective efforts to mitigate the losses caused by disasters. In fact, the society as a whole must make efforts to co-operate with the central and state agencies in coming out with a collective response to deal with disasters.
Disaster Management Essay 3 (250 words)
Disaster is a catastrophic situation in which normal pattern of life or ecosystem gets disturbed and extraordinary emergency interventions are required to save and preserve lives or environment. India is one of the most disaster prone zones in the world due to its peculiar geographical characteristics as well as the poor social conditions in which the communities live which exposes them to the frequent destruction caused by the hazards.
For India, the major hazards are earthquakes, landslides, drought, cyclones, floods, forest fires, fire accidents etc. Rapid growth in the population rate has certainly triggered the level of disasters. Natural disasters can only be mitigated but the man-made disasters can be prevented to a certain limit. India has taken many steps and has formed many organizations in order to mitigate, reduce and avoid the hazards of the disasters.
In India, the role of emergency management falls within the jurisdiction of the national disaster management authority of India (NDMA), which is doing a great job in reducing the hazardous impacts of the disaster and is operating from a government-centered approach to decentralized community participation.
But it needs much more sustained efforts to come out with a well-thought out strategy and response to minimize the colossal damage caused by disasters whenever a calamity has struck, for instance tsunami and Uttarakhand floods in recent times. We have not been able to mount adequate rescue and rehabilitation efforts to effectively deal with the situation.
Disaster Management Essay 4 (300 words)
A disaster is a serious disruption in the functioning of a community and society as a fall-out of widespread human, material, or environmental losses that exceed the ability of the affected population to cope with its own resources.
India is a disaster prone country. In fact, there is no country which is immune from disasters which can be classified as-
Types of Disasters
There are two majorly two types of disasters:
- Natural disasters
- Man-made disasters
Natural disasters are the disasters caused due to natural reasons which are beyond the control of humans including floods, hurricanes, earthquakes and volcano eruptions that have immediate impacts on human lives.
Man-made disasters also known as the complex emergencies are the disasters caused due to major accidents like fires, the breakdown of authority, looting and attacks, including conflict situations and war.
Disaster management is a continuous phenomenon of mitigating the impact of the disasters. Disaster management calls for collective and co-ordinated efforts. A number of activities need to be undertaken in the event of disaster. These include co-ordination, command and control, rapid assessment of damage, restoration of power, tele-communication and surface transport, deployment of search and rescue teams, medicals and Para-medical teams, arrangements for drinking water and food material, setting up of temporary shelters, sanitation and hygiene identification and earmarking of resources, last but not the least, maintenance of law and order is equally important.
The most vulnerable sections in these disasters are the poor. Hence it is necessary to mobilize them towards preparedness for any emergency. Quick and timely response is the essence in providing immediate relief and rescue operations, to save human lives and mitigate miseries as soon as possible.
India has set up many departments and organizations for the same i.e. National disaster management authority (ndma), national remote sensing centre (nrsc), central water commission (cwc) etc. And due to the presence of so many authorities it is not feasible for all of them to take steps in a single direction.
Disaster management has assumed great importance in recent times. To handle any unforeseen situation efficiently, we need to be well-equipped with latest technologies. It cannot avert the outbreak of disaster, but can mitigate its impact to a large extent.
Disaster Management Essay 5 (400 words)
Introduction
God has created everything including land, water, air etc. Nature has several manifestations – benign as well as hostile. Sometimes, it is soothing, sometimes it is ferocious. Whenever it turns to be in its bad temper, it can bring about devastation which is known as disaster.
A catastrophic situation in which normal pattern of life and or ecosystem gets disturbed and extraordinary emergency interventions are required to save and preserve lives or environment can be termed as a disaster. Natural disasters are the manifestation of nature and they can take place anywhere anytime.
Classification of disasters:
The disasters can be classified as-
Natural disasters: A natural hazard is a natural process or phenomenon that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage. Various disasters like earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes, floods, blizzards, tsunamis, and cyclones are all natural disasters.
Human instigated : Human-instigated disasters are the consequence of technological hazards. Examples include fires, transport accidents, oil spills and nuclear explosions/radiation. War and terrorist attacks may also be put in this category.
Disasters in India: well, there is no country which is completely free from disasters and so is India. India, due to its geographical locations & geological formations, is a highly disaster prone country.
India has faced a number of disasters, ranging from flood, earthquakes, cyclones, tsunami, drought, landslides. A few recent disasters faced by India include floods in Uttarakhand, cyclone “vardah” in Chennai, recurring earthquakes in northern India, chama earthquake in Gujarat, super cyclone in Orissa in 1999, bhuj earthquake in Gujarat in 2001, tsunami in 2004 and Mumbai-Gujarat flood in 2005. Besides, India has had to suffer technology-related tragedy in the form of gas tragedy in Bhopal in 1984. India also faced the problem of plague in Gujarat.
The direct or indirect impact of the disasters has always been deadly, destructive and damaging. They cause loss of life to the humans as well as livestock.
Disaster management
Disaster management is the management of resources and responsibilities in order to lessen the impact of disasters.
Disaster management in India
In India, a lot of forums, funds and organizations are functioning to mitigate the effects of the disasters like national disaster management authority (NDMA), national remote sensing centre (NRSC), Indian council of medical research (ICMR), central water commission (CWC) etc. A separate fund called as “national disaster management fund” (NDMF) is also there for exclusive mitigation.
Sometimes, due to lack of co-ordination between the central and state government as well as the absence of correct resources; the concerned forums, organizations are unable to provide the apt rehabilitation.
To handle the situation efficiently, we need to be well-equipped with latest technologies. Disaster management cannot avert the situation, but can mitigate its impact to lessen sufferings of humans, plants and animals.
Disaster Management Essay 6 (800 words)
About disaster
Land, water, air etc are some of the beautiful creations of the almighty. Nature has several manifestations – smooth as well as hostile. Sometimes, it is soothing while sometimes it is ferocious. Whenever it turns to be in its bad temper, it can bring about devastation or destruction which is known as a “disaster”.
Literal interpretation
Literally, disaster refers to the mishap, calamity or the grave occurrence from either the natural or man-made reasons which can’t be stopped or tackled immediately by the affected community.
India, being very much prone to disasters due to its geographical location, earthquakes, landslides, drought, cyclones, floods, forest fires, and fire accidents are some of the major calamities that keep occurring, inflicting colossal damage. Rapid growth in the population rate and urbanization has mostly triggered the level of the disasters.
Types of disasters
The disasters can be broadly classified into two major categories:
- Man made / human instigated disasters
Natural disaster is a natural process that may cause loss of huge lives, injuries or other health impacts, property damages, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruptions or massive environmental damage. Various disasters like earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes, floods, blizzards, tsunamis, and cyclones are covered under the scope of the term natural disaster. Human instigated disaster is also known as the complex emergency and is the disaster caused due to major happenings such as fires, oil spill, breakdown of authority, looting, wars etc.
Disasters in India over a decade-at a glance
India has faced some of the most destructive disasters in past decade which can be named as under:
Effects of disasters in India:
The impact of natural as well as human instigated disasters is colossal death, destruction, injuries, huge loss of the lives of humans and livestock.
The impact of human activities on natural disasters:
Since a long for now, it has been noticed that modernization is leading to grave ignorance towards the environment. Environmental bylaws are being neglected by industries. Due to over-exploitation of nature, we humans have created such a situation where events like earthquakes, landslides are increasingly being elevated to the extent that they are causing massive loss in terms of human life and property.
It’s not that, every one of us is being ignorant about the environment. There are a lot of people who are very much concerned about the nature and the environment. Even, there are many NGOs which are taking the issue of global warming and pollution publically by taking out rallies and organizing several campaigns to save environment and such initiatives need to be appreciated.
Disaster management is the creation of primary and secondary plans through which people’s vulnerability to hazards can be reduced so that they can cope up with disasters. The mechanism does not avert or eliminate the threats; instead, it focuses on creating the strategies to decrease the effect of disasters.
National disaster management authority (NDMA) is the apex body which is mandated to lay down the policies and guidelines for disaster management to ensure timely an effective response towards disasters. A separate fund called as “national disaster management fund” (NDMF) is also there for exclusive mitigation.
NDMA mostly performs the following functions:
- Administration
- Policies formation for disaster management
- Mitigation of disasters
- Approval of the plans laid down
- Formation of funds for the purpose of mitigation of disasters etc
- Running various programs and imparting guidelines
Prevention & control
The natural disasters are inevitable, even if we have measures to predict/ forecast the disasters we can’t stop them from happening. The best which can be done is to avoid the practices which are hazardous for the environment which are leading towards environmental degradation, while preparing plans for our disaster management.
Once a disaster strikes it leads to a massive destruction and loss of life. In case of the disasters like earthquakes, floods etc. Where a number of humans are displaced and post disaster there are a number of causalities. This is the time when the actual emergency preparedness comes into effect by giving first aid to the injured ones, providing rescue and relief operations to the victims.
To handle the situation efficiently, we need to be well-equipped with latest technologies. Also, it is of utmost importance to be prepared with a proper disaster management team which can take charge as soon as possible when the disaster strikes.
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Essay on Disaster Management for Children and Students
A disaster is an extreme disruption in the functioning of a habitat that causes widespread human, material, or environmental losses that exceed the ability of the affected population to cope with its own resources. Landslides, earthquakes, tsunami, cyclones, droughts, floods etc are some of the examples of disasters. Disaster management is the discipline by which human beings continuously make effort to mitigate the harm caused by the disasters.
Long and Short Essays on disaster management in English
Disaster management is a topic on which students are generally asked to write essays. We are providing below essays on the same with different words limit, so the respective essay could be picked up by the students as per their requirements.
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Disaster Management Essay 1 (100 words)
Disaster refers to the mishap, calamity or the grave occurrence from the natural or man-made reasons which can’t be stopped or tackled immediately by the affected community. Earthquakes, cyclones, droughts, floods etc are some of the natural disasters resulting into huge loss of lives and properties. The direct or indirect impacts of disasters, either natural or man-made are colossal damage, destruction and death.
The disaster management is the discipline by which human beings continuously makes efforts to reduce the harm caused by the disasters. India has set up many departments and organizations for the same such as national disaster management authority (NDMA). But we are yet to achieve satisfactory progress with regard to timely management of disasters. This can be done by raising adequate awareness about the ways to cope with disasters and greater co-ordination between the centre and state agencies.
Disaster Management Essay 2 (200 words)
A disaster is a sudden, calamitous event that seriously disturbs the functioning of a community or society and causes human, material, and environmental losses that exceed the community’s or society’s ability to cope with using its own resources. Though often caused by nature, disasters can have human origin as well such as major fire or leakage in a nuclear plant due to human negligence.
Disaster management is a well-planned strategy for making efforts to reduce the hazards caused by the disasters. Disaster management though does not avert or eliminate the threats; it focuses on formulating plans to decrease the effect of disasters. In India, national disaster management authority (NDMA) has been set up to coordinate responses to natural or man-made disasters across the country. NDMA runs various programs for mitigation and responsiveness for specific situations.
These include the national cyclone risk management project, school safety project, decision support system etc. But going by the lack of preparedness exposed by the outbreak of recent disasters in the country, the NDMA needs to make more organized and effective efforts to mitigate the losses caused by disasters. In fact, the society as a whole must make efforts to co-operate with the central and state agencies in coming out with a collective response to deal with disasters.
Disaster Management Essay 3 (250 words)
Disaster is a catastrophic situation in which normal pattern of life or ecosystem gets disturbed and extraordinary emergency interventions are required to save and preserve lives or environment. India is one of the most disaster prone zones in the world due to its peculiar geographical characteristics as well as the poor social conditions in which the communities live which exposes them to the frequent destruction caused by the hazards.
For India, the major hazards are earthquakes, landslides, drought, cyclones, floods, forest fires, fire accidents etc. Rapid growth in the population rate has certainly triggered the level of disasters. Natural disasters can only be mitigated but the man-made disasters can be prevented to a certain limit. India has taken many steps and has formed many organizations in order to mitigate, reduce and avoid the hazards of the disasters.
In India, the role of emergency management falls within the jurisdiction of the national disaster management authority of India (NDMA), which is doing a great job in reducing the hazardous impacts of the disaster and is operating from a government-centered approach to decentralized community participation.
But it needs much more sustained efforts to come out with a well-thought out strategy and response to minimize the colossal damage caused by disasters whenever a calamity has struck, for instance tsunami and Uttarakhand floods in recent times. We have not been able to mount adequate rescue and rehabilitation efforts to effectively deal with the situation.
Disaster Management Essay 4 (300 words)
A disaster is a serious disruption in the functioning of a community and society as a fall-out of widespread human, material, or environmental losses that exceed the ability of the affected population to cope with its own resources.
India is a disaster prone country. In fact, there is no country which is immune from disasters which can be classified as-
Types of Disasters
There are two majorly two types of disasters:
- Natural disasters
- Man-made disasters
Natural disasters are the disasters caused due to natural reasons which are beyond the control of humans including floods, hurricanes, earthquakes and volcano eruptions that have immediate impacts on human lives.
Man-made disasters also known as the complex emergencies are the disasters caused due to major accidents like fires, the breakdown of authority, looting and attacks, including conflict situations and war.
Disaster management is a continuous phenomenon of mitigating the impact of the disasters. Disaster management calls for collective and co-ordinated efforts. A number of activities need to be undertaken in the event of disaster. These include co-ordination, command and control, rapid assessment of damage, restoration of power, tele-communication and surface transport, deployment of search and rescue teams, medicals and Para-medical teams, arrangements for drinking water and food material, setting up of temporary shelters, sanitation and hygiene identification and earmarking of resources, last but not the least, maintenance of law and order is equally important.
The most vulnerable sections in these disasters are the poor. Hence it is necessary to mobilize them towards preparedness for any emergency. Quick and timely response is the essence in providing immediate relief and rescue operations, to save human lives and mitigate miseries as soon as possible.
India has set up many departments and organizations for the same i.e. National disaster management authority (ndma), national remote sensing centre (nrsc), central water commission (cwc) etc. And due to the presence of so many authorities it is not feasible for all of them to take steps in a single direction.
Disaster management has assumed great importance in recent times. To handle any unforeseen situation efficiently, we need to be well-equipped with latest technologies. It cannot avert the outbreak of disaster, but can mitigate its impact to a large extent.
Disaster Management Essay 5 (400 words)
Introduction
God has created everything including land, water, air etc. Nature has several manifestations – benign as well as hostile. Sometimes, it is soothing, sometimes it is ferocious. Whenever it turns to be in its bad temper, it can bring about devastation which is known as disaster.
A catastrophic situation in which normal pattern of life and or ecosystem gets disturbed and extraordinary emergency interventions are required to save and preserve lives or environment can be termed as a disaster. Natural disasters are the manifestation of nature and they can take place anywhere anytime.
Classification of disasters:
The disasters can be classified as-
Natural disasters: A natural hazard is a natural process or phenomenon that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage. Various disasters like earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes, floods, blizzards, tsunamis, and cyclones are all natural disasters.
Human instigated : Human-instigated disasters are the consequence of technological hazards. Examples include fires, transport accidents, oil spills and nuclear explosions/radiation. War and terrorist attacks may also be put in this category.
Disasters in India: well, there is no country which is completely free from disasters and so is India. India, due to its geographical locations & geological formations, is a highly disaster prone country.
India has faced a number of disasters, ranging from flood, earthquakes, cyclones, tsunami, drought, landslides. A few recent disasters faced by India include floods in Uttarakhand, cyclone “vardah” in Chennai, recurring earthquakes in northern India, chama earthquake in Gujarat, super cyclone in Orissa in 1999, bhuj earthquake in Gujarat in 2001, tsunami in 2004 and Mumbai-Gujarat flood in 2005. Besides, India has had to suffer technology-related tragedy in the form of gas tragedy in Bhopal in 1984. India also faced the problem of plague in Gujarat.
The direct or indirect impact of the disasters has always been deadly, destructive and damaging. They cause loss of life to the humans as well as livestock.
Disaster management
Disaster management is the management of resources and responsibilities in order to lessen the impact of disasters.
Disaster management in India
In India, a lot of forums, funds and organizations are functioning to mitigate the effects of the disasters like national disaster management authority (NDMA), national remote sensing centre (NRSC), Indian council of medical research (ICMR), central water commission (CWC) etc. A separate fund called as “national disaster management fund” (NDMF) is also there for exclusive mitigation.
Sometimes, due to lack of co-ordination between the central and state government as well as the absence of correct resources; the concerned forums, organizations are unable to provide the apt rehabilitation.
To handle the situation efficiently, we need to be well-equipped with latest technologies. Disaster management cannot avert the situation, but can mitigate its impact to lessen sufferings of humans, plants and animals.
Disaster Management Essay 6 (800 words)
About disaster
Land, water, air etc are some of the beautiful creations of the almighty. Nature has several manifestations – smooth as well as hostile. Sometimes, it is soothing while sometimes it is ferocious. Whenever it turns to be in its bad temper, it can bring about devastation or destruction which is known as a “disaster”.
Literal interpretation
Literally, disaster refers to the mishap, calamity or the grave occurrence from either the natural or man-made reasons which can’t be stopped or tackled immediately by the affected community.
India, being very much prone to disasters due to its geographical location, earthquakes, landslides, drought, cyclones, floods, forest fires, and fire accidents are some of the major calamities that keep occurring, inflicting colossal damage. Rapid growth in the population rate and urbanization has mostly triggered the level of the disasters.
Types of disasters
The disasters can be broadly classified into two major categories:
- Man made / human instigated disasters
Natural disaster is a natural process that may cause loss of huge lives, injuries or other health impacts, property damages, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruptions or massive environmental damage. Various disasters like earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes, floods, blizzards, tsunamis, and cyclones are covered under the scope of the term natural disaster. Human instigated disaster is also known as the complex emergency and is the disaster caused due to major happenings such as fires, oil spill, breakdown of authority, looting, wars etc.
Disasters in India over a decade-at a glance
India has faced some of the most destructive disasters in past decade which can be named as under:
Effects of disasters in India:
The impact of natural as well as human instigated disasters is colossal death, destruction, injuries, huge loss of the lives of humans and livestock.
The impact of human activities on natural disasters:
Since a long for now, it has been noticed that modernization is leading to grave ignorance towards the environment. Environmental bylaws are being neglected by industries. Due to over-exploitation of nature, we humans have created such a situation where events like earthquakes, landslides are increasingly being elevated to the extent that they are causing massive loss in terms of human life and property.
It’s not that, every one of us is being ignorant about the environment. There are a lot of people who are very much concerned about the nature and the environment. Even, there are many NGOs which are taking the issue of global warming and pollution publically by taking out rallies and organizing several campaigns to save environment and such initiatives need to be appreciated.
Disaster management is the creation of primary and secondary plans through which people’s vulnerability to hazards can be reduced so that they can cope up with disasters. The mechanism does not avert or eliminate the threats; instead, it focuses on creating the strategies to decrease the effect of disasters.
National disaster management authority (NDMA) is the apex body which is mandated to lay down the policies and guidelines for disaster management to ensure timely an effective response towards disasters. A separate fund called as “national disaster management fund” (NDMF) is also there for exclusive mitigation.
NDMA mostly performs the following functions:
- Administration
- Policies formation for disaster management
- Mitigation of disasters
- Approval of the plans laid down
- Formation of funds for the purpose of mitigation of disasters etc
- Running various programs and imparting guidelines
Prevention & control
The natural disasters are inevitable, even if we have measures to predict/ forecast the disasters we can’t stop them from happening. The best which can be done is to avoid the practices which are hazardous for the environment which are leading towards environmental degradation, while preparing plans for our disaster management.
Once a disaster strikes it leads to a massive destruction and loss of life. In case of the disasters like earthquakes, floods etc. Where a number of humans are displaced and post disaster there are a number of causalities. This is the time when the actual emergency preparedness comes into effect by giving first aid to the injured ones, providing rescue and relief operations to the victims.
To handle the situation efficiently, we need to be well-equipped with latest technologies. Also, it is of utmost importance to be prepared with a proper disaster management team which can take charge as soon as possible when the disaster strikes.
Related Information:
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Essay on Disaster Management | Disaster Management Essay for Students and Children in English
January 16, 2021 by Prasanna
Essay on Disaster Management: Disaster management is the conservation of lives and properties during a natural disaster or a disaster made by man. It addresses various issues like flood, cyclone or spread of any diseases. It is an organization to save people from such chaos.
It acts before, during and after the disaster has taken place. It is strategic planning. It is administered and employed to protect critical infrastructure.
You can also find more Essay Writing articles on events, persons, sports, technology and many more.
Long and Short Essays on Disaster Management for Students and Kids in English
We are providing the students with essay samples of a long essay of 500 words in English and a short essay of 150 words on Disaster Management in English.
Long Essay on Disaster Management 500 Words in English
Long Essay on Disaster Management is usually given to classes 7, 8, 9, and 10.
Natural disasters or humanmade disasters can happen anytime. They interrupt the normal functioning of the environment and society. To bring it under immediate control, there is a need for emergency intervention to bring things under management. The effects of the disasters must be put to ease to control the situation and the properties from getting destroyed.
Disaster management is a multi-faceted program which involves saving of lives of people, animals and properties during the occurrence of a natural disaster or a disaster caused due to manmade activities. It deals with different kinds of disasters like drought, earthquakes, floods, hurricanes and landslides.
It helps to reduce the harm caused by different disasters. There are various institutions set up in India, like the National Disaster Management Authority. It is a very precise and difficult process which includes intense research and precautionary measures to combat the situation within the correct time.
Disasters affect the lives of different people, belonging to the different strata of society. Every country is prone to disasters in some way or the other. India is highly prone to disasters because of its location. India has faced a lot of disasters in the past decades. Many chunks of properties have undergone damage, and many people have lost their homes. Slums have been destroyed due to the damaging disasters. Disaster management and its organization come to the rescue, providing, guidelines and measures to save as much lives possible and to make sure that these disasters do not create a panic which can lead to more chaos among the people.
National Disaster Management Authority or (NDMA) keeps track of the upcoming natural disasters and sends out immediate responses to people. They also carry out projects like school safety projects, risk management projects. Its main aim is to spread awareness and teach people to take necessary precautions when these disasters occur.
The manifestations of nature can be both gentle and aggressive at the same time. Its ferocious side has to be managed to stop chaos and damage to lives and properties. Different organizations have opened up to control disasters and to forecast disasters so that people become aware.
There are different types of disaster managements like geophysical disaster management that deals with earthquakes, landslides, volcanic activity and tsunami. Hydrological disaster management takes care of floods and avalanches. The climatological department of disaster management takes care of drought and wildfires, and the meteorological organization of disaster management manages storms, cyclones and wave surges. Epidemics and plagues are controlled and looked after by the biological section of disaster management.
Disaster management is important systems and a well-designed plan through which damages can be reduced. It is an effort by the government to tackle the unexpected situation, put forward by hazards and disasters.
The entire world has faced different types of disasters. But today it still survives, because of the efficient management systems of the disaster management organizations. Disasters can never be stopped, but the organization to manage it can be strengthened.
Short Essay on Disaster Management 150 Words in English
Short Essay on Disaster Management is usually given to classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.
Disaster management is the ways and means to maintain and mitigate the disasters that have already occurred or will occur shortly. Disaster management aims at reducing or avoiding the potential losses that have occurred from the hazards and disasters like flood, earthquakes, hurricanes, cyclones, and landslides.
Disaster management and its organizations offer an effective recovery of ongoing situations with ideal measures and protections. India has its unique geographical conditions, but it has led India to be prone to many disasters. Every year India faces natural disasters. The country has suffered enormous losses due to the occurrence of these disasters.
A few disasters that occurred in India were the super cyclone in Orissa in 1999 which struck at the Indian coast killing several people. The Bhuj earthquake is a famous earthquake in Gujarat that hit a serious condition in the state. The famous Tsunami of 2004 swiped out many properties and people leaving billions of properties and lives damaged.
10 Lines on Disaster Management in English
- Floods are the most frequently occurring disasters that occur every year and are managed by the organizations of disaster management.
- 80% of people are not aware of the home evacuation drill preached by disaster management organizations.
- Natural disasters are unfortunate occurrences that cannot be fully avoided but can be reduced through various measures.
- The maximum damage happened in between the years 2000 and 2012 that affected 2.9 billion people all over the world.
- There are three types of disasters, hybrid, natural and manmade.
- Lok Sabha passed the Disaster Management Act in the year 2005 to conserve properties during chaotic natural occurrences.
- The Natural Disaster Management Authority is a part of the Ministry of Home Affairs.
- The NDMA was established through the Disaster Management Act of 2005.
- Chairperson of the NDMA is the Prime Minister.
- To cope up with disasters, one needs to be well aware of the situation and its consequences, and protect himself with the guidelines by NDMA.
FAQ’s on Disaster Management Essay
Question 1. Name four elements of disaster management.
Answer: The four elements of disaster management are, risk reduction, being ready, response, and recovery from the damage.
Question 2. Can natural disasters be avoided?
Answer: No, it cannot be avoided, but its effects can be reduced with the necessary precautions.
Question 3. What is disaster mitigation?
Answer: It is the measures to reduce and eliminate the impacts of hazards and disasters.
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Essay on Disaster Management
List of essays on disaster management, essay on disaster management – short essay (essay 1 – 150 words), essay on disaster management in india (essay 2 – 250 words), essay on disaster management – for school students (class 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 standard) (essay 3 – 300 words), essay on disaster management (essay 4 – 400 words), essay on disaster management – written in english (essay 5 – 500 words), essay on disaster management (essay 6 – 600 words), essay on disaster management – for college and university students (essay 7 – 750 words), essay on disaster management – long essay for competitive exams like ias, ips, civil services and upsc (essay 8 – 1000 words).
The disaster management is a discipline through which human beings do their very best to limit the feel of the damage caused by disasters. A disaster can sometimes be said to mean a situation that is very catastrophic where the usual pattern in life and the ecosystem is disturbed and there is a need for an emergency intervention to preserve and save lives or the environment.
It is important to note that natural disasters can happen at any time and this means that adequate measures and tools must be put in place to help battle or ease the effects and impact of disasters when they happen.
Audience: The below given essays are exclusively written for school students (Class 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 standard), college and university students. Furthermore, those students preparing for competitive exams like IAS, IPS, Civil Services and UPSC can also increase their knowledge by reading these essays.
‘Disaster Management’ is a must for every country. No country is immune to disasters.
What is meant by Disaster?
Disaster is something that interrupts the normal functioning of a community; it results in a great loss of life and property that cannot be stopped or sorted out immediately. Two main types of disasters are explained below:-
Natural Disasters – These disasters are caused by nature and they are far beyond human control. Earth quakes, floods, hurricanes, tsunami are few examples.
Man-Made Disasters – These disasters are caused by humans either unknowingly or purposefully. Few examples are Fire accidents, nuclear attacks, wars, conflicts etc.,
The Importance of Disaster Management:
Disaster Management is a system or a well-designed plan by which the hazards of a disaster is reduced. It is the effort that the government takes to tackle any unexpected situation. The world has been a victim of many disasters, still it survives because of the efficient disaster management systems that every country possesses.
Conclusion:
Disasters result in damage. Disasters cannot be stopped but disaster management can be strengthened.
A disaster is an intense troubling disturbance in the working of a country and society as it usually affects a large section of the population and causes massive damage. To deal with such disasters there comes in place disaster management. India is a country prone to disasters such as floods and doubts, earthquakes, Tsunamis and landslides happening every year in different parts of the country. In fact, there is no such nation which is protected from disasters.
Disaster Management in India:
National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) is the body under the Ministry of Home Affairs which has been set to deal with the disaster management in India. NDMA was formed on 30 May 2005 under the Disaster Management Act. Its duties are to lay down the policies on the steps required to be taken for disaster management and take suitable measures to help people and Government in times of disaster.
Prevention and Control in Times of Disaster:
Various exercises should be performed in case of a disaster. Disaster Management includes the coordination, direction, and full control, quick evaluation of harm, rebuilding of intensity, media transmission and surface transport, the sending of inquiry and save groups, medicals and para-medicinal groups, water for drinking and food material, setting up of transitory asylums, sanitation and cleanliness ID and reserving of assets, last yet not minimal, upkeep of lawfulness is similarly critical.
However, it must be noted that it is not the responsibility of the Government alone to help people in times of disaster. Every single individual must take a functioning part in disaster management in order to decrease the loss of life and resources.
Introduction:
Chaos, mass death of human beings and livestock, increased crime rate are some of the effects of disasters. Disasters are negative occurrences that lead to widespread panic and fear. They also cripple the society’s ability to respond to its causes.
Disasters can be natural or man-made. In both cases, they can lead to great loss of lives and properties. In extreme cases, there can be a combination of man-made and natural disasters. For instance, armed conflicts and scarcity of food. Therefore, disaster management is necessary to curb or stop immense loss and damage.
Disaster management can be in form of disaster prevention, disaster awareness, and preparation. These concepts shall be considered below.
Disaster Prevention:
Countries all over the world have adopted steps to prevent the widespread of diseases or viruses. These steps include funding of researches for the eradication of natural disasters. Other forms of fundings include food provision, provision of health care amenities etc. The latter is usually employed in economically disadvantaged areas in Africa and the Middle East.
Also, Predictions of possible natural disasters have been made possible by improved scientific researches. For instance, equipment has been developed to adequately detect earthquakes and tsunamis. This has led to growing voices for environmental consciousness. Consciousness in this sense translates to the reduction in all forms of environmental pollution.
Disaster Awareness and Preparation:
Disaster awareness is another way of curbing excesses of widespread epidemics. Members of the public need to be sensitized of the need to keep the peace, de-escalate dangerous situations and to have a safety first approach to every potential disaster.
Management of disaster is aimed at reducing death rates and suffering of a human. When successful management of all these can be attained, the impact of disasters can be mitigated. Hence, the importance of the successful management of disaster cannot be overstated.
Disaster management is often the need of the hour and it is something which people truly need to be proficient in. Owing to the inhumane anthropogenic exploitation of mother earth, the occurrence of natural disaster has increased considerably.
Whenever a calamity occur, it is important to be well prepared for it. There is a science called disaster management which helps in both prevention and mitigation of the calamity.
Can you avert disasters?
Those who practise disaster management are of the opinion that by studying the minor signs and keeping a vigilant watch, we can warn about the disaster and thereby take the right actions.
Not only this, if we start undoing the damage and do our bit to preserve the environment, a lot of natural disasters can be avoided. Disaster management specialists are of the opinion that if we regulate the use, we can cut down on disasters like global warming, flash floods, drought and so on.
The Disaster Management Mitigation:
Even the mitigation steps are taught in thorough details to those who learn the dynamics of disaster management. When you are well versed in this science, you will be equipped with the different ways by which you can handle the mitigation.
Suppose a flood has occurred, knowing how to let the water recede and to keep an eye on the changing climate so as to offer alerts for any repeat floods could be a significant help. Along with this, there are several other ways by which we can negate the effect of a disaster.
Preparedness Factor:
The best use of disaster management has to be the fact that it can help you be prepared for it. Often the finest experts would launch a warning signal and thereby guide people about the right measures to be taken.
However for this to work, it is important to be watchful and vigilant. Sometimes, the calamities can strike without much of a forewarning and this in turn can create even more havoc.
The bottom line as stated by most disaster management experts is to start taking care of the environment which is the key reason for our survival. When you are doing your bit, you will find that nature will take care of its own as well. Of course, some calamities may strike from time to time but we can definitely cut down their instances significantly by nurturing and protecting this unique environment.
The world is faced by disaster, some are severe while some are manageable. Disasters are abrupt accidents that cause massive destruction of life and property including natural calamities. Disasters can either be natural or man-made. These disaster need emergency management to rehabilitate the damage caused. The management is done to contain the damage and to control the hazards of the disaster through a process of disaster management. The process is aimed at preventing disaster and mitigating the inevitable disasters. India is vulnerable to disaster like floods, droughts, landslide and earthquake. The disaster management efforts by Indian government have greatly improved over the years.
The Process of Disaster Management:
The process is divided into four phases of disaster management. The first phase is mitigation whereby the occurrence possibility of a disaster or the adverse effects need to be minimized. The actions include public education on the nature of the disaster and how they can prepare to protect themselves and the structural construction projects. These projects are aimed at minimizing loss of lives and destruction of property by the anticipated disaster.
Preparedness is the second phase of disaster management where the goal is to strengthen readiness to handle emergencies through programs by government. The preparedness is mostly directed towards lifesaving activities. Preparedness involves drafting of plans, developing communication systems, public education and exercises. The third phase is response where the disaster management team enacts the plans to maintain lives and reduce the numbers of affected population. The response is done by providing transport, shelter and food to the affected population. The damage is contained by repairs and temporary solutions are sought e.g., temporary residence for the affected population.
The final phase of disaster management is recovery. This is usually after the disaster has settled and damage has already been done. In recovery, the team tries to restore the livelihood of people and the infrastructure. Recovery is done either short term or long term. The aim is to restore a normal or better livelihood for the affected population. Health safety is emphasized during public education. Recovery phase enables the disaster management to transition into long-term solutions.
Challenges in Disaster Management:
The management of disaster is a challenging process and some deficiencies are encountered. In some countries, the specific hazards and disasters are not clear and so the government is unable to deploy disaster management in an unknown disaster. There is also the aspect of inadequacies when it comes to the technical and framework capability of a nation. Disaster management frameworks require support from the government. Although disaster management process involves public education, there is no aspect of psychological counselling for individuals because of the high population. People tend to suffer post-traumatic stress and psychiatric diseases.
Disaster management is an important activity and it should be adopted by countries in order to prevent the inevitable disasters and reduce the adverse effects of disasters. However, there are limitations of disaster management that reduce the capability of successful implementation of the strategies.
Disaster management is an important issue for modern life in the many populated cities of the world. Discovering the importance of proper disaster management is beneficial for all students who want to major in some aspect of urban planning or public health. The precise protocol for disaster management depends on the source of the disaster and everything you plan and do also depends on this factor.
Disaster Management for Natural Disasters:
One of the most predominant sources of potentially hazardous situations for human life and living are natural disasters, however, most people living in areas that are at risk know the proper disaster management for such situations. Natural disasters can be caused by any natural factor like the rain, or drought and they usually require from the community to prepare in advance for the disaster management. Sometimes no one can prepare for a surprise attack from nature and then the affected people need to improvise in their disaster management, this approach is avoided in all situations except in those that could not be avoided.
Disaster Management for Environmental Emergencies:
Disaster management in environmental emergencies is somewhat different than the previous one. First, of all, because these emergencies are caused by human factors like problems in the industry and transport so the designed disaster management has to be adapted for those situations. The additional factor is the fact that this type of disaster management usually requires the use and disposal of dangerous and poisonous chemicals.
Disaster Management for Complex Emergencies:
Disaster management in complex emergencies often requires the authorities to resolve social issues because of a break down in social order. Such situations can be dangerous for people’s lives because a general state of anarchy could break out and disaster management can become a bloody and vicious affair. Recently disaster management in complex political and social situations strives towards the implementation of weapons and tools that can do less physical harm when they are used and instead cause pain for the recipient.
Disaster Management for Pandemic:
Pandemics create a need for a special type of disaster management because of the presence of virulent microorganisms. Usually, pandemics cause health issues for the general public and they are addressed through medical means and with the aid of doctors. Disaster management in a pandemic should abide by strict protocol because there can be many sources of infection and the entire process would be additionally complicated if the medical workers get infected as well.
Disaster Management for Emergency Management:
All of the above-mentioned situations where disaster management is needed can be resolved by following four simple steps. So, even if we are not trained for a certain type of disaster, we can still get a good idea of what we have to do if such a situation does happen.
The first step is mitigation that is to get rid of the source of the disaster or reduce its impact. Preparedness is the best way and if you know a certain situation could come up make sure you have all that you need to get out of it. One more benefit is to train yourself with the right response for the emergency you are in. Finally, you have to think about recovery and finding ways to help people who might be in a worst position than you.
Disaster management is a complex process and sometimes it needs a lot of preparation, therefore everyone who knows they can end up in such an emergency position better do the smart thing and prepare in advance. The best thing is not to be surprised and to know the right things to do, however sometimes we can end up in a situation that we were not prepared for, that is when we need to keep a cool head, analyze the type of the disaster and follow these simple steps and we can make it out with the least amount of stress.
Disaster management has become very important and necessary in the world we live in today. A disaster can simply be said to be the extreme disruption of the functioning and workings of a habitat which causes varying degrees of environmental, material or human losses that are way more than the capacity and capability of the population that is affected to cope with employing its very own resources. Earthquakes, landslides, cyclones, tsunamis, floods and droughts are all some of the many examples of the disruptions know as disasters.
The disaster management is a discipline through which human beings do their very best to limit the feel of the damage caused by disasters. A disaster can sometimes be said to mean a situation that is very catastrophic where the usual pattern in life and the ecosystem is disturbed and there is a need for an emergency intervention to preserve and save lives or the environment. It is important to note that natural disasters can happen at any time and this means that adequate measures and tools must be put in place to help battle or ease the effects and impact of disasters when they happen.
Types of Disasters:
Basically, disasters are widely divided into two types namely:
1. Natural disasters
2. Manmade disasters
1. Natural Disaster:
This is a natural occurrence or a process that leads to the loss of many lives, causes injuries and other forms of health hazards, leads to the damage and loss of properties, loss of means of livelihood, causes a great damage to the environment and causes serious disruption to economic and social activities. Natural disasters include landslides, earthquakes, hurricanes, volcanic eruptions, blizzards, floods, cyclones and tsunamis.
2. Manmade Disaster:
Another name for the manmade disaster is complex emergency and it is as a result of major events like oil spills, fires, looting, transport accidents, nuclear radiations or explosions, terrorist attacks wars and so many more. Manmade disasters are sometimes the outcome of various technological hazards.
Effects of Disasters:
The indirect or direct impact or effect of disasters is always very dangerous, damaging and destructive. Human lives are lost, infrastructures that are in place are either damaged or destroyed, livestock and plants that are sources of food are destroyed during disasters. The losses and impacts of disasters can be felt for a lot of years and it might take a long period of time to move on from a particular disaster.
The Impacts of the Activities of Human Beings on Disasters (Natural Disasters):
Scientists and researchers have discovered and put forward that urbanisation, industrialisation and modernisation are negatively affecting the environment. As a result of the exploitation of the environment (nature), a lot of natural disasters like landslides and earthquakes are being created and their levels are being increased to a stage where they cause a large amount of loss of properties, animals and most importantly human life. Due to this, we need to take care our environment and take measures to battle global warming and climate change which are primary causes of some natural disasters like flooding and drought.
Disaster Management:
This is a non-stop act of trying to reduce the effect of disasters. Disaster management needs coordinated and collective efforts as just one person can’t do it. Some of the steps that should be taken when a disaster occurs include control and command, coordination, power restoration, quick assessment of the perceived damage, surface transport and telecommunication, the deployment of teams for search and rescue, availability of Para-medical and medical team, provision of food material and good drinking water, making temporary shelters available, hygiene and sanitation identification and the setting aside of resources, most importantly is the total maintenance of the given laws and also order.
The group of people most affected by and most susceptible to disaster are those that are poor. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to always be prepared for disasters and swiftly move into action any time they happen because it is necessary that we give rescue operations and immediate relief that can go a long way in saving a number of human beings and stop further damages to lives and properties as a result of the disaster.
Disaster management has become most of the most important things today as it enables us handle and curtail unforeseen situations effectively and efficiently. We must be ready and well equipped with all of the latest technologies and developments. Even though disaster management and all of its steps and processes can’t help prevent a disaster, they can go a long way to ensure that the effect and impacts of the disaster are not really felt.
Disaster management is the applied science or field of planning proper strategies to minimize the risk of future disasters while making ways to effectively deal with the damages caused by the occurred disasters.
The type of disaster management put into effect largely depends on the type of disaster. Disaster management also varies on other factors, such as direct and indirect impacts of any disaster.
Disaster management covers both natural and man-made disasters. Needless to say, most of the natural disasters occurring today are also an indirect result of human activities.
The natural disasters can be listed as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, cyclones, lightning, drought, floods, and forest fires, etc. The man-made disasters are any electrical, fire, road, or oil-spilling accident that cause demolition. The nuclear explosion, global warming, chemical warfare, etc., also fall under the category of man-made disasters.
Need for Disaster Management:
The disaster management is not just to handle the consequences of a calamity. In fact, disaster management is equally about the prevention of future catastrophe. That is why it becomes essential to first understand the root cause of the problem.
According to the disaster management data, the biggest cause for natural calamities such as the earthquake, floods, cyclones, etc., is deforestation. When trees are cut, the soil is devoid of their roots which are responsible for holding the soil together. The loose soil is less capable of absorbing water and the situation ends up with frequent cases of drought.
Cutting of forests also increases earth’s temperature which leads to global warming. Loose soil is more likely to break down and get washed away by the river waters. Consequently, it gives rise to floods and earthquake, another high priority situation for disaster management.
Man-made disasters are truly a sign of selfishness and instant gratification. Deforestation for the purpose of creating homes and industries reflects the short-sightedness of human race. It is the central point for all the disasters and something that has generated loads of work to do for the disaster management.
Impacts of Disasters on Earth:
Whether natural or man-made, disasters don’t take sides when it comes to destruction. In spite of the desperate efforts by the disaster management organizations, millions of people all over the world, die every year due to one or other calamity.
Thanks to the man-made adversities, the pollution levels of air, water, and soil have reached a whole new level. The humongous natural disasters result in the loss of countless lives. Nations suffer the damages of property, food resources, and falling economies due to various natural disasters.
Apart from the deaths of human beings, forest fires, and cyclones, etc., disasters also cause the killings and extinction of many animal and plant species. Another great factor that leads to extinction of precious fauna is the human activity of poaching and hunting.
In the olden times, the man used to hunt animals for food and protection from heat. But now, it has turned into a selfish, dark business. From whales to elephants, rhinos, and turtles, all kinds of animal species are facing the blow and their numbers are decreasing in a sharp way.
The corals and sea phytoplanktons which play a great role in the air purification of the whole planet are bleaching and shrinking down due to the polluting activities of human beings.
Role of Disaster Management:
Disaster management is specialized in dealing with all sorts of damages. If we look at the past incidents, disaster management has been an indispensable factor in tackling with the detrimental effects of Hiroshima Nagasaki bomb blasts. The 1986 Chernobyl accident in Russia is still under the disaster management process.
In India, disaster management got into action on multiple occasions. Whether it was an earthquake in Gujarat, the cyclone in Orissa, the floods in Maharashtra, Bhopal gas tragedy, and several other incidents as we recall, time and again, we have relied on the workings and aids of disaster management to overcome the wounding situations.
Indian Agencies for Disaster Management:
In India, on 23 December 2005, the Rajya Sabha passed the Disaster Management Act, 2005. The same Disaster Management act was approved and passed on 12 December 2005 by the Lok Sabha. Not much later, i.e., on 9 January 2006, the Disaster Management Act, 2005, got the permission of The President of India and became valid all over the country.
In addition to that, we also have a National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) in India. National Disaster Management Authority is an agency of the Ministry of Home Affairs. Its main objective is to regulate the actions and aids to natural or man-made disasters. The same agency also works for the capacity-building in disaster resiliency and tackling of the crisis.
National Disaster Framework, in India, is another approach to effective disaster management. Its function is to incorporate institutional mechanisms, disaster prevention plan, an early warning system, readiness and response, and human resource development.
The other disaster management agencies in India are National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), and Central Water Commission (CWC), etc. We also have an exclusive funding system called the National Disaster Management Fund (NDMF) for the disaster mitigation purpose.
Our Individual Role in Disaster Management:
Contribution toward disaster management is every individual’s responsibility. It is not a mere task and business of an agency. Disasters happen to leave an impact on our daily lives and turn it upside down. It is just a pity excuse to say that we as individuals have whatsoever no reason to be concerned with the disaster management.
On the surface, it looks quite insignificant but every little step of a person, such as planting trees, living a healthy life, and making the earth greener, can prove to be really helpful in disaster management.
After all, it is we together that have caused the various calamities. For most parts, even natural disasters are the results of man-made activities which give rise to the need for disaster management.
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Build resilience and empathy
Introducing disaster management in the curriculum will help the youth understand how to anticipate, absorb and adapt to such events.
September 19, 2020 04:09 pm | Updated 04:09 pm IST
Education prepares vulnerable communities to learn to cope with such events.
India is the fifth most vulnerable country in terms of climate change, according to the Global Climate Risk Index report 2020. In recent years, earthquakes, cyclones, floods, landslides and forest fires have become frequent across the country. Given the severe impact of the climate emergency on economic and social development of vulnerable communities, especially the poor, it is important to build resilience.
It has been noted that children are the most adversely affected by natural hazards, suffering both physical and mental trauma. Various studies have shown an overall reduction in learning outcomes, a drop in attendance and lower academic performance. Further, collapse or severe damage to infrastructure such as school buildings during a disaster disrupts the education process. Limited access to school also results in a large number of students dropping out or losing interest in education.
Creative approach
However, education prepares vulnerable communities to learn to cope with such events. Introducing disaster management in the curriculum should be prioritised. Children must learn about disaster management, but in a manner that does not overburden them. A creative approach could help familiarise them with their surroundings and provide insights into disaster risk reduction and preparedness measures, emergency relief and long-term recovery. Card and board games, re-purposing unused physical spaces in schools and colleges, art and music workshops, and mock drills can be used to impart awareness about disasters. This will establish an active, experiential and participatory learning process between learners and institutions to develop the concept of resilience and how to anticipate, absorb and adapt to disaster events. Thus, the curriculum should have a hybrid approach where traditional wisdom and local knowledge can be used to prevent and mitigate social, economic and psychological effects of natural hazards.
India, traditionally, has been reactive towards disasters and focused valuable resources on relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction. Lately, however, there has been a major shift in its approach to pre-disaster aspects of prevention, mitigation, and preparedness.
Essential skills
The word ‘management’ is an integral part of disaster management. Management skills are essential in every aspect of disaster relief, recovery, preparedness and mitigation. Several universities and institutes offer certificate, undergraduate, postgraduate, PG Diploma and research degrees in Disaster Management. Pursuing a course in Disaster Management will involve evaluation of the nature of disasters, relief and rescue planning, socio-technological development, environmental and sustainable development, law and management fundamentals, political and social issues, the role of agencies, field skills, and disaster theory, statistics and logistics and more. The public as well as the humanitarian sector offers several opportunities for such graduates.
Future generations are the potential catalysts of change to build resilience in their communities. As a result, it becomes integral to empower them to explore and learn these essential life skills. Introducing this in the curriculum will also inculcate compassion, accountability, and empathy towards the affected and vulnerable communities.
Introducing Disaster Management in the curriculum of schools, colleges and universities will make the educated youth address these crises with their knowledge, self-confidence, and survival skills in lesser times. Awareness among the student community will help build a better, stronger and resilient nation.
The writer is the Co-Founder, SEEDS, and a disaster management specialist who is currently spearheading Honeywell Safe Schools programme.
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Essay on Natural Disasters for Students in English [Easy Words]
January 16, 2021 by Karan
Essay on Natural Disasters: Natural calamities like earthquakes, floods, cyclones tsunamis and landslides have increased due to manmade factors like pollution, ozone depletion and global warming. The extreme exploitation of forests and natural resources has created a severe imbalance in our ecosystem, leading to many natural disasters. A warning management system issues early warnings of a possible calamity and networks with relief operations, rehabilitation support and rescue planning measures.
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Essay on Natural Disasters 500 Words in English
Below we have provided Natural Disasters Essay in English, suitable for class 6, 7, 8, 9 & 10.
Natural disasters are major unpredicted events that have harmful effects on our society. They are severe, and they damage everything in their surrounding space. They pose a threat to the health and well-being of all living populations. Natural disasters include tsunamis, cyclones, earthquakes, landslides, floods, volcanic eruptions, and avalanches. Their destruction capacity can be calculated by their spatial extent.
The spatial extent helps in determining the level of severity of a natural hazard. With the rising population and the growth in the number of industries, man has exploited almost all the natural resources present on our planet. This has left our ecosystem in a state of imbalance. Nature is all-powerful, and there is no escape to its wrath. Our selfish activities have led to disasters like pollution , global warming , and ozone depletion. Natural disasters cause a loss in one form or another. We cannot prevent them, but we can certainly take some controlled steps to minimize their effects.
Types of Natural Disasters
Tsunami: A tsunami can be identified as a very large seismic wave in an ocean or a sea. It is caused by any kind of geophysical activity on the ocean floor. These activities can be earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides. Tsunamis consist of multiple waves of high current capacity. Tsunami waves are very high when they reach the coastal areas. They can easily flood the shores. People living in these areas cannot outrun these gigantic waves. Loss of life and property follows.
Cyclone: Cyclones are violent storms that are associated with thunder, lightning and torrential rains. They are robust swirling winds which can bring a lot of damage to the affected areas. They do not have any specific direction and can have a speed of about 240-1200 miles per hour. Cyclones mostly hit the warm countries and can result in loss of life, damage to crops, fallen trees, and sinking of boats.
Earthquake: The sudden movement of Earth’s tectonic plate, which results in a shake or vibration of the ground is termed as an earthquake . It is mostly caused by the rupture of geological faults. However, volcanic eruptions and mine blasts can also initiate them.
Landslide: Movement of rock and debris down a sloped portion of land is known as a landslide. It is caused by rain, volcanoes, and earthquakes. Soil erosion (due to deforestation) makes the land unstable and also causes landslides. Landslides mostly occur in mountain areas. Therefore, life in hilly terrains is always susceptible to these kinds of events.
Avalanche: Avalanche is also known as a snow slide. It occurs when a mass of snow rapidly slides along a sloped region (mountain tops). These can also originate as a result of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Avalanches commonly occur on convex slopes and also on slopes covered with grass. Surviving an avalanche is rare because here, death happens due to hypothermia.
Flood: A flood can be defined as the overflow of water on a dry piece of land. Floods can be caused by excessive rainfalls, breaking of dams, storm surges, and tsunamis. Besides being life-threatening, floods can cause sediment deposition and drainage congestion. Coastal plains are the worst-hit zones during floods.
Volcanic Eruption: A volcano is a passage in the crust of Earth through which magma (molten silicate rock) flows out to the surface of the earth. A volcanic eruption can release liquid lava, debris, ash and gases into the environment. These eruptions contribute to the various hazardous events that take place on the Earth’s surface. They can lead to glacier bursts, mud flows, and acid rain.
Disaster Management
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Education for disaster preparedness
Description.
Education for disaster preparedness can provide life-saving and life-sustaining information and skills that protect in particular children and young people during and after emergencies. Disasters are not natural, they only occur when people lack preparedness or the ability to cope with hazards: it is the combination of an exposed and ill-prepared population or community with a hazard event that results in a disaster. Education therefore has a vital role to play in preparing communities and building disaster resilient societies and safe lives. UNESCO provides tools for integrating Disaster Risk Reduction into schools and provides training for teachers and educators on how to educate children and youth to prepare for disasters. This video is also part of the DVD, published in 2015: Disaster Risk Reduction: Stay Safe and be Prepared. A Reference DVD
on this subject: Disaster Risk Reduction in School Curricula: Case studies in thirty countries UNICEF/UNICEF
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Original: DVD Location: F-H.129 UMVS reference: AUD-KMI/KSA/1226 File No: AVFONDS-EDKMS-0177.MPEG Rights holder: CC BY NC-SA 3.0 IGO BACK
- Essay On Natural Disasters
Natural Disasters Essay
500+ words essay on natural disasters.
A natural disaster is defined as an event of nature, which overwhelms local resources and threatens the function and safety of the community. Natural disasters are the consequence of natural phenomena unleashing processes that lead to physical damage and the loss of human lives and capital. Earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, windstorms, floods and droughts are some examples of natural disasters. These disasters disrupt the lives of communities and individuals and the economic activity of the affected area. Students must go through this essay on Natural Disaster and gather ideas to write effective essays on topics related to them. Practising essays on such topics will improve the writing skills of the students and help them score better in the English exam.
Classification of Natural Disasters
Natural disasters result from forces of climate and geology. These are perhaps the most “unexpected” and costly overall in terms of loss of human lives and resources.
Disasters are classified into four categories depending on how they arise:
(1) Internal Earth Processes: It covers geophysical phenomena arising from the internal processes of the earth. It includes earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions etc., which human beings cannot usually predict or prevent.
(2) External Earth Processes: These comprise phenomena such as landslides, collapses, flooding, mudslides etc. These hazards can be avoided and are often associated with man-made alterations in the environment, such as deforestation on hillsides or excavations and many more such activities.
(3) Hydrometeorological Hazards: It is associated with changes in air and ocean temperature. This hazard is responsible for the formation of weather phenomena such as hurricanes and tornadoes, and the precipitation and climate variations that sometimes cause extreme flooding, storm surges, droughts and other hydrological phenomena.
(4) Biological Hazards: Biological disasters result from the proliferation of agents such as bacteria, viruses and toxins that can kill or disable people, harm animals, and crops and damage the environment. Some examples of biological hazards are cholera, dengue, yellow fever, Ebola virus and Marburg virus. The current pandemic situation due to Coronavirus is also an example of biological hazards.
Disaster Management
Disasters have massive human and economic costs. They may cause many deaths, severe injuries, and food shortages. Most incidents of severe injuries and deaths occur during the time of impact, whereas disease outbreaks and food shortages often arise much later, depending on the nature and duration of the disaster. Anticipating the potential consequences of disasters can help determine the actions that need to be started before the disaster strikes to minimize its effects.
Disasters are the ultimate test of a community’s emergency response capability. There are 3 major steps that can be taken to manage disaster which include pre-disaster management, during-disaster management and post-disaster management. The pre-disaster management involves generating data and information about the disasters, preparing vulnerability zoning maps and spreading awareness among the people about these. Apart from these, disaster planning, preparedness and preventive measures are other steps that need to be taken in vulnerable areas.
During disasters, rescue and relief operations such as evacuation, construction of shelters and relief camps, supplying of water, food, clothing and medical aids etc. should be done on an emergency basis. Post-disaster operations involve rehabilitation and recovery of victims. It should concentrate on capacity building in order to cope with future disasters, if any. These measures have special significance to India as about two-thirds of its geographical area and an equal proportion of its population are vulnerable to disasters. The Government of India has also taken some steps for disaster management such as passing the disaster management bill and the establishment of the National Institute of Disaster Management.
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Frequently Asked Questions on Natural disasters Essay
What are the types of natural disasters.
Floods/tsunamis, wildfires, drought, hurricane/storms and earthquakes are examples for common natural disasters.
How can we control the impact of a natural disaster?
Impact of natural disasters can be mitigated to an extent by creating awareness among the public about counter measures to be taken. Governments could use disaster prediction technology and install warning systems to alert people about impending disasters. Implementing and enforcing building codes is another measure to reduce the after-effects of disasters.
How do natural disasters affect the environment?
Wildfires, floods, and tornadoes cause structural changes to our ecosystem and also damage the natural inhabitation of that area.
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Type of paper: Annotated Bibliography
Topic: Government , Emergency Management , Disaster , Study , Limitations , Politics , Management , Education
Words: 2750
Published: 06/17/2021
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Part I: Post-disaster management
Crawford, l., langston, c., & bajracharya, b. (2013). participatory project management for improved disaster resilience. international journal of disaster resilience in the built environment, 4(3), 317-333..
This study contributes to understanding of disaster management relative to project and stakeholder management. Placing value in participatory project management approaches, the study aims to contribute to improved disaster resilience opportunities. Summative content analysis (qualitative) of project management in disaster management discourse is used based on two sets of text from institutionalized discourse (e.g., policies) and the inquiry report from the 2011 Queensland Floods Commission. Limitations were identified as a narrow analysis – a wider range of textual analysis is necessary. The study critiques the traditional approach to project management. More systemic, participatory and context sensitive approaches may augment disaster resilience through community involvement and effective management in regard to disaster management. Findings revealed that project and stakeholder engagement are inadequate in disaster management discourse. Risk management was better organized relative to disaster response. More innovative and participatory approaches that can predict, respond and recover from environmental calamities is needed, as are multiple stakeholder perspectives.
NEW ADDITION: Pearces, L. (2003). Disaster management and community planning, and public participation: How to achieve sustainable hazard mitigation. Natural Hazards, 28(2-3), 211-228.
The paper offers a comparative account between approaches to disaster management from Australia and the United States. The question posed is: How have disaster management techniques evolved in recent times? The method used was document analyses of historical and contemporary literatures. Limitations to this study are the attempt to make generalizations in light of the range of disasters that may require highly contextualized approaches or responses. Results revealed that the United States and Australia have shifted from response and recovery as main foci to hazard mitigation. Community planning was found to be as central to this shift in approach as disaster management planning. Community planning requires local input in terms of defining the most important problems and to raise public awareness about potential preparation for any catastrophic event. The case studies reviewed in the investigation reflect the successful outcome of hazard mitigation as a result of deliberative and participatory involvement.
Naseer, S. (2014). Disaster management in Pakistan: A case study. New Horizons, 8(2), 107 120.
Naseer (2014) critiques the organization and efforts of Pakistan’s National Disaster Management Authority. The focus is on mobilizing local governments to organize and disburse supplies to affected areas with the following question posed: What is needed in terms of capacity building to cope with natural disasters (p.111)? The research design is qualitative and provides an historical document analysis of government efforts to address natural disasters. Limitations are in the number of sources used. Analyses stem from this historical overview. The historical context reveals a sequence of political uncertainty and varying attempts by the head of state to gain legitimacy. Devolution of power to the local level has consequently see-sawed. Essential to ensuring better preparation and response efforts is to hold local elections, a process that has been neglected by federal and provincial governments. The inherent assumption is that locals, particularly in areas recently subjected to earthquakes and floods, hold disaster management as a priority issue.
Piotrowski, C (2010). Earthquake in Haiti: A failure in crisis management? Organization Development Journal, 28(1), 107-112.
Piotrowski (2010) explores the aftermath of the earthquake in Haiti and poses the question: Was this “A failure in crisis management?” The aim of the article is to critique the lack of crisis management factors (e.g., coordination, planning) that limit preparation, response, recovery, and mitigation of major natural disasters in the literature, rather than in the relief effort in Haiti, itself (p.107). The limitations of this study are the absence of information or data from primary resources, such as officials, or statistical data. The existing literature, Piotrowski argues, is too “academic or didactic” or scholarly” (p.108). This qualitative account of shortcomings in the literature reveal that bridging theory to practice is a gap that, in its present form, is far too wide. Relative to Haiti, disaster management is disorganized across levels of government, poor international leadership and inter-agency coordination. The science of crisis management, he concludes “has its limitations” (p.111).
Asari, M., Sakai, S. I., Yoshioka, T., Tojo, Y., Tasaki, T., Takigami, H., & Watanabe, K. (2013). Strategy for separation and treatment of disaster waste: a manual for earthquake and tsunami disaster waste management in Japan.Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 15(3), 290-299.
This paper analyzes Japan’s manual for disaster waste management in the aftermath of the Tsunami of 2011. The research provides an overview of the manual, “Strategy for separation and treatment of disaster waste,” and identifies user guidelines potentially applicable to other country contexts where domestic guidelines are scarce. The document analysis is expanded to include other guidelines from bodies such as the United Nations, OXFAM and the US Federal Emergency Management Agency. The limitations are that the guidelines are not juxtaposed with empirical evidence of the resultant treatment of disaster waste. Results reveal an analysis of eight guidelines that comprise the manual. Main areas of focus include: temporary storage, recycle and reuse, intermediate treatment (crushing and shredding), incineration (intermediate and temporary) and final disposal. Hazardous waste, it is recommended, be mixed in with disaster waste (p. 297). The research contributes to knowledge about separation and subsequent treatment of disaster waste.
Karunasena, G., Amaratunga, D., Haigh, R., & Lill, I. (2009). Post disaster waste management strategies in developing countries: Case of Sri Lanka. International Journal of Strategic Property Management, 13(2), 171-190.
The paper addresses post disaster waste management strategies in developing countries and the relevance of best practices. Sampling included a literature review, survey of Sri Lankan national institutes and semi-structured interviews. Limitations included the absence of field surveys from other countries. The theoretical framework is couched in existing steps, or best practices that center on post disaster waste management strategies. These include: control generation of waste, collecting waste, transporting waste to appropriate locations, processing of waste, disposing of waste (p.177-178). Survey results revealed that amidst national level policies no provisions exist for disaster waste management. Lack of means to address waste management was prevalent across two major bodies: the Disaster Management Council and the Central Environmental Authority. The absence of legal enforceability or mode for compliance was problematic. A lack of funding and technical support is partially to blame, yet the absence of any institutional framework, coordination, and political will are also barriers.
Lixin, Y., Lingling, G., Dong, Z., Junxue, Z., & Zhanwu, G. (2012). An analysis on disasters management system in China. Natural hazards, 60(2), 295-309.
The investigation analyzes disaster management in China. The paper introduces the institutional framework, legal context, planning, response, and post-disaster strategies. The qualitative literature review relies on document analyses, and compares strategies in the United States and Japan. Limitations are of country contexts similar to China to draw comparisons. The results reveal a highly integrated institutional framework that is locally run and supplemented by the central government (p.296). Ministries are responsible for planning of particular disasters. Recovery and reconstruction is bestowed on various levels of government. The legal system is complex; 100+ laws and decrees exist on prevention and mitigation (p.301). The goals of effective and timely response are organizationally different than the US and Japan. They rely on national departments to respond to disasters, compared to specific factions in China. The innumerable laws in China add complexity. Financial reserves of the Chinese government are far less than the US and Japan. Better coordination across levels of government is recommended.
Cigler, B. A. (2010). Introduction to the forum: Overview of post-Katrina emergency. The Public Manager, 39(2), 24-37.
Emergency management reforms have been highly scrutinized in the aftermath of hurricane Katrina. Cigler (2010) aims to analyze the restoration effort five years after the catastrophe. Using document analysis, she reviews the literature, including government documents and policies to provide a synopsis of current policies, lessons learned and the status and preparedness of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Limitations include the absence of primary research from government officials. The results reveal that the recovery effort has been uneven. Since resources and capacity vary, some neighborhoods have implemented better participatory land-use decisions. Others look as though the disaster occurred yesterday (p.26). The analysis of two reports (Quadrennial Homeland Security Review, Bottom-Up Review) divert from the standard stages of mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. Instead, the reports rely on resilience as a mantra on how to deal with disasters, each of which is highly contextual and therefore requires a unique approach (p.26).
NEW ADDITION: McEntire, D. (2002). Coordinating multi-organisational responses to disaster: Lessons from the March 28, 2000, Fort Worth tornado. Disaster Prevention and Management, 11(5), 369-379.
The study investigates coordination among responders to the Fort Worth Tornado of 2000. The aim of the paper is to identify factors that advance and inhibit coordination among disaster-related organizations. The methods for the study include document analyses from media sources and non-random interviews of individuals from government departments and other agencies. Limitations of the study include the absence of a broader sampling of individuals who could offer a wider range of perspectives than from those only involved as professionals in disaster management. Results revealed a highly organized effort that included: Warning and evacuation, emergency medical response, search and rescue, damage assessment, public safety, debris removal, sheltering, donations management, utility restoration, and business resumption. Constraining factors were poor communication across agencies and discerning hierarchy relative to authority. Contributing factors were political support, preparedness, technology, and experience. The author concludes that the response effort is an exemplary example of response coordination.
Adamy, A., & Bakar, A. H. A. (2011). Asset evaluation for post-disaster project built by central government in Banda Aceh Indonesia. Asian Journal of Environment and Disaster Management, 3(4), 405-423.
The tsunami in 2004 in western Indonesia mobilized the international community in unprecedented terms. The question posed is: Where are the results (assets or buildings) of the rehabilitation and reconstruction projects? The aim of the study is to determine perceptions of these projects as perceived by locals. The study is quantitative and uses random-cluster and simple sampling. Descriptive statistics were the primary method of analysis. The limitations of the study are in the sample – a sample larger than 24 would provide stronger evidence to the claims that there were a limited number of assets that were assessed. The results reveal that buildings were not in the physical condition intended after reconstruction; assets are being utilized, and that documentation of legal and structural status of buildings was incomplete. The implications provide a series of lessons for the national and local government including the importance of the handover process ensuring that documents are complete and legitimate.
Part II: Natural Disasters and Vulnerability: Economic and Social Context
Olteanu a, arnberger r, grant r, abramson d, & asola j (2011). persistence of mental health needs among children in new orleans affected by hurricane katrina four years later. prehospital and disaster medicine, 26(1), 3-6..
In the aftermath of hurricane Katrina, social ills remain. The impact on mental health is the cause for this investigation with focus on children in New Orleans. The question posed is: How have children with mental health issues fared since Katrina in 2005? Charts of mental health patients were reviewed from 2007 to 2009 with a total of 296 charts examined. This qualitative study focused on demographic characteristics, diagnoses and accounts of the traumatic experience of hurricane Katrina. The limitations of the study were that there was little data of the status of individuals’ mental health status prior to the catastrophe. Results reveal that post-2005, there was a spike in referrals for disruptive behavior disorder. Too many children were classified as having missed early identification. Further, cases four years since, have shown no sign of stagnating or declining. The critique is that there is a need for sustained and ongoing support for these children.
Rabindra, O. (2004). Forms of community participation and agencies' role for the implementation of water-induced disaster management: Protecting and enhancing the poor. Disaster Prevention and Management, 13(1), 6-12.
The study aims to understanding the extent of community participation and capacity building to cope with post-disaster recovery efforts with a focus on the impoverished in South Asia. The aim of the paper was to devise more effective and appropriate strategies to engage local participation with reference to sustainability (post donor resources) and poverty reduction (p.7). The method used was document analyses of existing literature. Limitations to the study are an absence of primary research from the population under investigation, particularly impoverished individuals located in South Asia. Results reveal that community participation often occurs in the form of initial participation as prompted by external donors or officials, but that this participation is not sustained. Community-initiated participation, whereby community members lead analysis and decision-making, and external agencies play a facilitating role is presented. The latter approach has proven to be far more successful for long-term positive impact post-disaster.
Phifer, J. F. (1990). Psychological distress and somatic symptoms after natural disaster: Differential vulnerability among older adults. Psychology and aging,5(3), 412.
Phifer’s study (1990) examines the psychological distress and somatic symptoms on adults in the aftermath of a natural disaster (flooding) in southeastern Kentucky in 1984. The aim of the study was to determine, quantitatively, if factors were dependent on varying demographic variables such as age, sex, and education level. Limitations of the study were the sample size (200) and the method of analyses. Results indicated that the natural disaster was a determining cause of depression and anxiety 18 months after the catastrophe. Older male adults with lower occupational status and males and females 55 or older showed a greater risk of psychological problems. The implications of the study are targeted towards older adults who are victims of natural disasters. In particular, early identification and crisis intervention to mitigate more chronic psychological ailments is recommended as this segment of the population is considered as less inclined to seek help for psychological issues.
Ichinosawa, J. (2006). Reputational disaster in Phuket: The secondary impact of the tsunami on inbound tourism. Disaster Prevention and Management, 15(1), 111-123.
The purpose of this investigation was to provide empirical evidence to determine the decline in the tourism industry of Phuket in the wake of the tsunami in 2004. The qualitative study assesses the reputational disaster of Phuket through semi-structured interviews with Thai and Japanese workers in hotels, restaurants and tour operator companies. The limitations of the study are the absence of quantitative data and analyses. The findings revealed that there has been significant negative impact on the local economy fueled by perceptions of risk and other vulnerabilities that persist in the local society. The implications of this research are for local and national governments that experience a natural disaster to devise strategies to limit or reverse the negative stigma held by prospective tourists to an area that has succumbed to a natural disaster. Investment, by way of tourism and marketing should be one of several motivating factors to engage in such a campaign.
Bird, M., Cowie, S., Hawkes, A., & Horton, B. (2007). Indian Ocean tsunamis: Environmental and socio-economic impacts in Langkawi, Malaysia. The Geographical Journal, 173(2), 103-117.
The environmental and socio-economic impact on Langkawi, Malaysia in the aftermath of the India Ocean tsunamis of 2004 are the focus of this investigation. A quantitative investigation aims to understand how the local economy and environment were impacted. Limitations of the study include a singular focus on water damage, as compared to other factors such as risk stigma and tourism. The results revealed that wave damage reached in-shore as far as 1000 meters, yet structural damage did not exceed more than 150 meters in land. Areas where most damage occurred were in poorly engineered coastlines. Although investment in hard coastal defenses minimized damage, the breakwaters likely localized some damage. Emergency response was determined to be highly effective, yet could have been enhanced with more reliable advanced warning mechanisms. Because of the comparatively limited damage to Langkawi, residents and businesses located along the coastline have quickly recovered and developed a ‘Tsunami-earthquake emergency action plan’ (p.117).
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