Stop Smoking Essay
Putting a Stop to Smoking
- 2 Works Cited
It is shocking to know that there are about ten people who die from smoking every single minute, and nobody seems to have any idea about it. Indeed, there is “a growing gap between the real world and the academy” since people are more intellectual about things that are irrelevant to the real life and are ignorant of things that are imperative to live in the real world (Orr 310). Did you know that there are over four hundred thousand deaths caused by cigarettes and tobacco each year in the U.S.
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A Narrative Essay On Nazi Solder
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Persuasive Essay: Why People Should People Stop Smoking
Smoking: leading cause of preventable death.
About 80% of people start smoking before the age of 18. When they are older, they are unable to quit due to addiction to cigarettes. Smoking can cause many problems with your health including lung cancer, heart disease, emphysema, and the worst,early death. Most teens think smoking is cool, but it can destroy your body and your looks in a matter of years. It can take at least 10 years off of your life, and condemn you to a poor quality of life.
Persuasive Essay
The first attempt and success to climb Mt. Everest occured in 1953. Since then, almost 4,000 people have been able to scale the mountain, but over 230 people have not been able to climb it successfully. There is a chance of accident or death when climbing this mountain or any dangerous activity. All people should should have the right to rescue services even if they knowingly put themselves at risk because there is always a chance of an accident happening, rangers are there to save people in danger, and there are rescue vehicles being produced to be used in case of an emergency.
Persuasive Essay About Vaping
A) I’ve been aware of toxins for quite sometime now and stickily use all natural household products even for washing cloths with products like Dr. Bronner's (Organic castle soap) . Though, every day I’m surrounded by radiation from the constant use of computer, phone, and T.V with a total of 6 plus hours. In order to avoid the electro smog created I use a large Himalayan Salt Lamp to counteract the positive ions from these devices with negative ions. On top of neutralizing the radiation, the salt in the lamp absorbs contaminants from the air, acting as a natural air purifier. Also, It’s been 6 months since touching a cigarette, in place of smoking I have been using a vape device. The issue with vaping is the unknown health effects attached to this habit such as e-juice possibly containing chemicals on top of lethal nicotine. Currently, I am trying to lower my nicotine consumption and quit vaping all together. These actions are voluntary since I can control
Persuasive Essay On Vaping
Over the recent years, vaping has dramatically grown into a multi million dollar industrie. Vaping has became one of the most popular things to do these past and probably future years. People everywhere are buying one because they think that it 's fun and cool. Vaping has became a very popular way to get a buzz discreetly it is also a big disturbance in schools.Vaping is benefiting more people than smoking is because Vaping is better for the environment , people are switching to e-cigs for benefits, and Vaping helps people with mental health issues.
Dear Feliia Case Study
Thank you for highlighting key damages that stems from smoke and or second hand smoke. Chapter ten of (Kail, 2013) indicated that “smoking is the single biggest contributor to health problems, a fact known for decades.” Just thinking of the enormity of smoking-related ailments should be enough to prevent one from smoking. Why do you think smokers become naïve or at times choose to ignore how hazardous smoking can be to the health?
Persuasive Essay On Electronic Cigarettes
Electronic cigarettes were first introduced into the tobacco market in 2003. However, in the last few years, electronic cigarettes have been trending, especially among high school students. According to the Surgeon General study, “In 2015, 1 in 6 high school students reported using e-cigarettes in the last month”. The promotion and production of electronic cigarettes is an issue that must be addressed because they are attracting minors who may have never been addicted to nicotine prior to the introduction of e-cigarettes in the market.
Persuasive Speech On Smoking
Firstly those who believe that smoking should be banned say that cigarettes can affect smokers deeply in the long run. “Over 50,000 studies of the health effects of tobacco in dozens of countries have detailed its dangers. Worldwide, tobacco use causes about 90% of lung cancer deaths, 30% of all cancers, 20-25% of coronary heart diseases and stroke deaths, and more than 80% of chronic bronchitis and emphysema”. (Jordan 1).
Should Smoking Be Banned In Cars Persuasive Essay
By smoking while carrying children in the car, parents, guardians, or other adults neglect the adolescent passengers from their right to live without secondhand smoke-induced health complications. Sadly, children may disagree with their parents smoking, but they do not have a choice but to live with their guardian’s habit.
Persuasive Essay On How To Quit Smoking
If you’re planning to quit smoking, you need to exercise control and discipline. The steps you’ll take to quit smoking can be tough but the more you learn about them, the easier it will be for you in the long run. With the right action plan that will meet your needs, you can surely break the addiction and add in the number of people who have quit smoking for good.
Argumentative Essay On Second Hand Smoking
Many reports have been issued based on the evidence regarding the devastating health affecs of smoking and the expose of second hand smoke. Unfortunatly, cigarette smoking has reportedly caused about 480,000 deaths anually in the United States with an account of 41,000 deaths due to second hand smoking. It is indicated that America has the greatest heath issues from smoking. Neverless, it has been declining due to the rise on taxes and the promotions to cut down tabacco use advetisement. Smoking can be very addictive but there are many ways to help stop that I’ll get to soon.
Argumentative Essay On Why Tobacco Should Be Banned
Harper, T. (2006). Why the tobacco industry fears point of sale display bans. Tobacco Control, 15 (3), 270-275.
Persuasive Speech: The Dangers Of Cigarette Smoking
As per the latest study conducted by the World Health Organization, one billion people smoke worldwide, which constitute about 20% of the entire world population. Cigarette smoking has numerous health hazards however, lung cancer is the most known to generations. Smoking, at the same time, is also responsible for cardiovascular disease and heart stroke. But accelerated aging continues to remain the most ignored and standard side effect of smoking.
Explain Why Smoking Should Be Banned In Public Places
Some people also would not like for there kids to get influenced by others people smoking or to imitate it. The more children are exposed to smoking the more likely they will become smokers. Moreover, passive smoking is also a major concern today. Research shows that people that do not smoke can suffer from health problems if they spend long periods of time among people who do
Smoking Informative Speech
Smoking has been a long time habit round the world. However, in the past, smoking cigarette was very popular and known to be a cool recreational drug, and was widely accepted by the community across the world. Today smoking has been less widely accepted and more restricted because of the many health risks that are linked to smoking cigarette. These days, people are well educated and more knowledgeable about the health risks of smoking. Therefore, smoking popularity has been in sharp a decline in the past decade. Smoking cigarette is more than just an addiction; it is one of highest cause of death in the world than any other causes.
Cause And Effect Essay About Smoking
Smoking has become a social habit nowadays. When people around are smoking, the person practically feel like he/she should be doing the same. And this is increasing day by day in our country. Smoking tribulates almost every organ of the body. It is the leading cause of more than 443,00 deaths each year. Secondly smoking approximately result in 3,000 lung cancer deaths of non-smokers which is given off by the end of the burning cigarette and by the smokers exhalation.
More about Persuasive Essay: Why People Should People Stop Smoking
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Argumentative Essay On Smoking Cigarettes
Show More Death From Squares Every year hundreds of thousands of people die from smoking cigarettes. Cigarettes cause more than 480,000 deaths per year (Health Effects of Cigarette Smoking). Cigarettes ruin slowly but surely the lives of numerous smokers and even nonsmokers. Cigarettes should be illegal because of the products in cigarettes, the damages they cause to the human body, the negative effects they have on pregnancy, how addictive they are, and how they affect nonsmokers. With the banishing of cigarettes the world would be a much healthier and safer place for everyone. One reason why cigarettes should be illegal is because of the harmful substances in cigarettes. The majority of people who smoke cigarettes aren’t even aware of what they’re …show more content… Many people smoke a couple of cigarettes and before they know it they’re hooked and can’t shake the bad habit of smoking cigarettes. The product in cigarettes that get people addicted is nicotine . Nicotine is not one of the cancerous products in cigarettes, nicotine is what makes smokers addicted (Is Smoking Really Addictive?). There is a huge psychological connection between the mind and nicotine, this is what often causes relapses after one does quit smoking (Is Smoking Really Addictive?). Nicotine is a poison, in small doses nicotine is extremely hard to shake. About 70 percent of smokers say they want to quit and about half try to quit each year however, only 4 percent succeed without help (Is Smoking Really Addictive?). Of the 45 million people who smoke, each year about 16 million try to kick the habit, but only 1.2 million actually stop smoking (Parker-pope 137). While nicotine does appear in other products, the main product nicotine is in is cigarettes. If cigarettes were to be illegal, people wouldn’t take in the usual amount of nicotine they do now, which means less …show more content… Cigarettes have a lot of negative effects on smokers and nonsmokers, while they have absolutely no benefits. Cigarettes should be illegal because of the products in cigarettes, the damages they cause to the human body, the negative effects they have on pregnancy, how addictive they are, and how they affect nonsmokers. In a perfect world, no cigarettes would be amazing. However, we live in a world where cigarettes are a big part of everyone’s life. Making cigarettes illegal would be the closest thing to living in a perfect world. If cigarettes were illegal so many people would live longer and reduce the chances of getting cancer. Cigarettes should be
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National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US) Office on Smoking and Health. Preventing Tobacco Use Among Youth and Young Adults: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US); 2012.
Preventing Tobacco Use Among Youth and Young Adults: A Report of the Surgeon General.
1 introduction, summary, and conclusions.
- Introduction
Tobacco use is a global epidemic among young people. As with adults, it poses a serious health threat to youth and young adults in the United States and has significant implications for this nation’s public and economic health in the future ( Perry et al. 1994 ; Kessler 1995 ). The impact of cigarette smoking and other tobacco use on chronic disease, which accounts for 75% of American spending on health care ( Anderson 2010 ), is well-documented and undeniable. Although progress has been made since the first Surgeon General’s report on smoking and health in 1964 ( U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare [USDHEW] 1964 ), nearly one in four high school seniors is a current smoker. Most young smokers become adult smokers. One-half of adult smokers die prematurely from tobacco-related diseases ( Fagerström 2002 ; Doll et al. 2004 ). Despite thousands of programs to reduce youth smoking and hundreds of thousands of media stories on the dangers of tobacco use, generation after generation continues to use these deadly products, and family after family continues to suffer the devastating consequences. Yet a robust science base exists on social, biological, and environmental factors that influence young people to use tobacco, the physiology of progression from experimentation to addiction, other health effects of tobacco use, the epidemiology of youth and young adult tobacco use, and evidence-based interventions that have proven effective at reducing both initiation and prevalence of tobacco use among young people. Those are precisely the issues examined in this report, which aims to support the application of this robust science base.
Nearly all tobacco use begins in childhood and adolescence ( U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [USDHHS] 1994 ). In all, 88% of adult smokers who smoke daily report that they started smoking by the age of 18 years (see Chapter 3 , “The Epidemiology of Tobacco Use Among Young People in the United States and Worldwide”). This is a time in life of great vulnerability to social influences ( Steinberg 2004 ), such as those offered through the marketing of tobacco products and the modeling of smoking by attractive role models, as in movies ( Dalton et al. 2009 ), which have especially strong effects on the young. This is also a time in life of heightened sensitivity to normative influences: as tobacco use is less tolerated in public areas and there are fewer social or regular users of tobacco, use decreases among youth ( Alesci et al. 2003 ). And so, as we adults quit, we help protect our children.
Cigarettes are the only legal consumer products in the world that cause one-half of their long-term users to die prematurely ( Fagerström 2002 ; Doll et al. 2004 ). As this epidemic continues to take its toll in the United States, it is also increasing in low- and middle-income countries that are least able to afford the resulting health and economic consequences ( Peto and Lopez 2001 ; Reddy et al. 2006 ). It is past time to end this epidemic. To do so, primary prevention is required, for which our focus must be on youth and young adults. As noted in this report, we now have a set of proven tools and policies that can drastically lower youth initiation and use of tobacco products. Fully committing to using these tools and executing these policies consistently and aggressively is the most straight forward and effective to making future generations tobacco-free.
The 1994 Surgeon General’s Report
This Surgeon General’s report on tobacco is the second to focus solely on young people since these reports began in 1964. Its main purpose is to update the science of smoking among youth since the first comprehensive Surgeon General’s report on tobacco use by youth, Preventing Tobacco Use Among Young People , was published in 1994 ( USDHHS 1994 ). That report concluded that if young people can remain free of tobacco until 18 years of age, most will never start to smoke. The report documented the addiction process for young people and how the symptoms of addiction in youth are similar to those in adults. Tobacco was also presented as a gateway drug among young people, because its use generally precedes and increases the risk of using illicit drugs. Cigarette advertising and promotional activities were seen as a potent way to increase the risk of cigarette smoking among young people, while community-wide efforts were shown to have been successful in reducing tobacco use among youth. All of these conclusions remain important, relevant, and accurate, as documented in the current report, but there has been considerable research since 1994 that greatly expands our knowledge about tobacco use among youth, its prevention, and the dynamics of cessation among young people. Thus, there is a compelling need for the current report.
Tobacco Control Developments
Since 1994, multiple legal and scientific developments have altered the tobacco control environment and thus have affected smoking among youth. The states and the U.S. Department of Justice brought lawsuits against cigarette companies, with the result that many internal documents of the tobacco industry have been made public and have been analyzed and introduced into the science of tobacco control. Also, the 1998 Master Settlement Agreement with the tobacco companies resulted in the elimination of billboard and transit advertising as well as print advertising that directly targeted underage youth and limitations on the use of brand sponsorships ( National Association of Attorneys General [NAAG] 1998 ). This settlement also created the American Legacy Foundation, which implemented a nationwide antismoking campaign targeting youth. In 2009, the U.S. Congress passed a law that gave the U.S. Food and Drug Administration authority to regulate tobacco products in order to promote the public’s health ( Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act 2009 ). Certain tobacco companies are now subject to regulations limiting their ability to market to young people. In addition, they have had to reimburse state governments (through agreements made with some states and the Master Settlement Agreement) for some health care costs. Due in part to these changes, there was a decrease in tobacco use among adults and among youth following the Master Settlement Agreement, which is documented in this current report.
Recent Surgeon General Reports Addressing Youth Issues
Other reports of the Surgeon General since 1994 have also included major conclusions that relate to tobacco use among youth ( Office of the Surgeon General 2010 ). In 1998, the report focused on tobacco use among U.S. racial/ethnic minority groups ( USDHHS 1998 ) and noted that cigarette smoking among Black and Hispanic youth increased in the 1990s following declines among all racial/ethnic groups in the 1980s; this was particularly notable among Black youth, and culturally appropriate interventions were suggested. In 2000, the report focused on reducing tobacco use ( USDHHS 2000b ). A major conclusion of that report was that school-based interventions, when implemented with community- and media-based activities, could reduce or postpone the onset of smoking among adolescents by 20–40%. That report also noted that effective regulation of tobacco advertising and promotional activities directed at young people would very likely reduce the prevalence and onset of smoking. In 2001, the Surgeon General’s report focused on women and smoking ( USDHHS 2001 ). Besides reinforcing much of what was discussed in earlier reports, this report documented that girls were more affected than boys by the desire to smoke for the purpose of weight control. Given the ongoing obesity epidemic ( Bonnie et al. 2007 ), the current report includes a more extensive review of research in this area.
The 2004 Surgeon General’s report on the health consequences of smoking ( USDHHS 2004 ) concluded that there is sufficient evidence to infer that a causal relationship exists between active smoking and (a) impaired lung growth during childhood and adolescence; (b) early onset of decline in lung function during late adolescence and early adulthood; (c) respiratory signs and symptoms in children and adolescents, including coughing, phlegm, wheezing, and dyspnea; and (d) asthma-related symptoms (e.g., wheezing) in childhood and adolescence. The 2004 Surgeon General’s report further provided evidence that cigarette smoking in young people is associated with the development of atherosclerosis.
The 2010 Surgeon General’s report on the biology of tobacco focused on the understanding of biological and behavioral mechanisms that might underlie the pathogenicity of tobacco smoke ( USDHHS 2010 ). Although there are no specific conclusions in that report regarding adolescent addiction, it does describe evidence indicating that adolescents can become dependent at even low levels of consumption. Two studies ( Adriani et al. 2003 ; Schochet et al. 2005 ) referenced in that report suggest that because the adolescent brain is still developing, it may be more susceptible and receptive to nicotine than the adult brain.
Scientific Reviews
Since 1994, several scientific reviews related to one or more aspects of tobacco use among youth have been undertaken that also serve as a foundation for the current report. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) ( Lynch and Bonnie 1994 ) released Growing Up Tobacco Free: Preventing Nicotine Addiction in Children and Youths, a report that provided policy recommendations based on research to that date. In 1998, IOM provided a white paper, Taking Action to Reduce Tobacco Use, on strategies to reduce the increasing prevalence (at that time) of smoking among young people and adults. More recently, IOM ( Bonnie et al. 2007 ) released a comprehensive report entitled Ending the Tobacco Problem: A Blueprint for the Nation . Although that report covered multiple potential approaches to tobacco control, not just those focused on youth, it characterized the overarching goal of reducing smoking as involving three distinct steps: “reducing the rate of initiation of smoking among youth (IOM [ Lynch and Bonnie] 1994 ), reducing involuntary tobacco smoke exposure ( National Research Council 1986 ), and helping people quit smoking” (p. 3). Thus, reducing onset was seen as one of the primary goals of tobacco control.
As part of USDHHS continuing efforts to assess the health of the nation, prevent disease, and promote health, the department released, in 2000, Healthy People 2010 and, in 2010, Healthy People 2020 ( USDHHS 2000a , 2011 ). Healthy People provides science-based, 10-year national objectives for improving the health of all Americans. For 3 decades, Healthy People has established benchmarks and monitored progress over time in order to encourage collaborations across sectors, guide individuals toward making informed health decisions, and measure the impact of prevention activities. Each iteration of Healthy People serves as the nation’s disease prevention and health promotion roadmap for the decade. Both Healthy People 2010 and Healthy People 2020 highlight “Tobacco Use” as one of the nation’s “Leading Health Indicators,” feature “Tobacco Use” as one of its topic areas, and identify specific measurable tobacco-related objectives and targets for the nation to strive for. Healthy People 2010 and Healthy People 2020 provide tobacco objectives based on the most current science and detailed population-based data to drive action, assess tobacco use among young people, and identify racial and ethnic disparities. Additionally, many of the Healthy People 2010 and 2020 tobacco objectives address reductions of tobacco use among youth and target decreases in tobacco advertising in venues most often influencing young people. A complete list of the healthy people 2020 objectives can be found on their Web site ( USDHHS 2011 ).
In addition, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) of the National Institutes of Health has published monographs pertinent to the topic of tobacco use among youth. In 2001, NCI published Monograph 14, Changing Adolescent Smoking Prevalence , which reviewed data on smoking among youth in the 1990s, highlighted important statewide intervention programs, presented data on the influence of marketing by the tobacco industry and the pricing of cigarettes, and examined differences in smoking by racial/ethnic subgroup ( NCI 2001 ). In 2008, NCI published Monograph 19, The Role of the Media in Promoting and Reducing Tobacco Use ( NCI 2008 ). Although young people were not the sole focus of this Monograph, the causal relationship between tobacco advertising and promotion and increased tobacco use, the impact on youth of depictions of smoking in movies, and the success of media campaigns in reducing youth tobacco use were highlighted as major conclusions of the report.
The Community Preventive Services Task Force (2011) provides evidence-based recommendations about community preventive services, programs, and policies on a range of topics including tobacco use prevention and cessation ( Task Force on Community Preventive Services 2001 , 2005 ). Evidence reviews addressing interventions to reduce tobacco use initiation and restricting minors’ access to tobacco products were cited and used to inform the reviews in the current report. The Cochrane Collaboration (2010) has also substantially contributed to the review literature on youth and tobacco use by producing relevant systematic assessments of health-related programs and interventions. Relevant to this Surgeon General’s report are Cochrane reviews on interventions using mass media ( Sowden 1998 ), community interventions to prevent smoking ( Sowden and Stead 2003 ), the effects of advertising and promotional activities on smoking among youth ( Lovato et al. 2003 , 2011 ), preventing tobacco sales to minors ( Stead and Lancaster 2005 ), school-based programs ( Thomas and Perara 2006 ), programs for young people to quit using tobacco ( Grimshaw and Stanton 2006 ), and family programs for preventing smoking by youth ( Thomas et al. 2007 ). These reviews have been cited throughout the current report when appropriate.
In summary, substantial new research has added to our knowledge and understanding of tobacco use and control as it relates to youth since the 1994 Surgeon General’s report, including updates and new data in subsequent Surgeon General’s reports, in IOM reports, in NCI Monographs, and in Cochrane Collaboration reviews, in addition to hundreds of peer-reviewed publications, book chapters, policy reports, and systematic reviews. Although this report is a follow-up to the 1994 report, other important reviews have been undertaken in the past 18 years and have served to fill the gap during an especially active and important time in research on tobacco control among youth.
- Focus of the Report
Young People
This report focuses on “young people.” In general, work was reviewed on the health consequences, epidemiology, etiology, reduction, and prevention of tobacco use for those in the young adolescent (11–14 years of age), adolescent (15–17 years of age), and young adult (18–25 years of age) age groups. When possible, an effort was made to be specific about the age group to which a particular analysis, study, or conclusion applies. Because hundreds of articles, books, and reports were reviewed, however, there are, unavoidably, inconsistencies in the terminology used. “Adolescents,” “children,” and “youth” are used mostly interchangeably throughout this report. In general, this group encompasses those 11–17 years of age, although “children” is a more general term that will include those younger than 11 years of age. Generally, those who are 18–25 years old are considered young adults (even though, developmentally, the period between 18–20 years of age is often labeled late adolescence), and those 26 years of age or older are considered adults.
In addition, it is important to note that the report is concerned with active smoking or use of smokeless tobacco on the part of the young person. The report does not consider young people’s exposure to secondhand smoke, also referred to as involuntary or passive smoking, which was discussed in the 2006 report of the Surgeon General ( USDHHS 2006 ). Additionally, the report does not discuss research on children younger than 11 years old; there is very little evidence of tobacco use in the United States by children younger than 11 years of age, and although there may be some predictors of later tobacco use in those younger years, the research on active tobacco use among youth has been focused on those 11 years of age and older.
Tobacco Use
Although cigarette smoking is the most common form of tobacco use in the United States, this report focuses on other forms as well, such as using smokeless tobacco (including chew and snuff) and smoking a product other than a cigarette, such as a pipe, cigar, or bidi (tobacco wrapped in tendu leaves). Because for young people the use of one form of tobacco has been associated with use of other tobacco products, it is particularly important to monitor all forms of tobacco use in this age group. The term “tobacco use” in this report indicates use of any tobacco product. When the word “smoking” is used alone, it refers to cigarette smoking.
- Organization of the Report
This chapter begins by providing a short synopsis of other reports that have addressed smoking among youth and, after listing the major conclusions of this report, will end by presenting conclusions specific to each chapter. Chapter 2 of this report (“The Health Consequences of Tobacco Use Among Young People”) focuses on the diseases caused by early tobacco use, the addiction process, the relation of body weight to smoking, respiratory and pulmonary problems associated with tobacco use, and cardiovascular effects. Chapter 3 (“The Epidemiology of Tobacco Use Among Young People in the United States and Worldwide”) provides recent and long-term cross-sectional and longitudinal data on cigarette smoking, use of smokeless tobacco, and the use of other tobacco products by young people, by racial/ethnic group and gender, primarily in the United States, but including some worldwide data as well. Chapter 4 (“Social, Environmental, Cognitive, and Genetic Influences on the Use of Tobacco Among Youth”) identifies the primary risk factors associated with tobacco use among youth at four levels, including the larger social and physical environments, smaller social groups, cognitive factors, and genetics and neurobiology. Chapter 5 (“The Tobacco Industry’s Influences on the Use of Tobacco Among Youth”) includes data on marketing expenditures for the tobacco industry over time and by category, the effects of cigarette advertising and promotional activities on young people’s smoking, the effects of price and packaging on use, the use of the Internet and movies to market tobacco products, and an evaluation of efforts by the tobacco industry to prevent tobacco use among young people. Chapter 6 (“Efforts to Prevent and Reduce Tobacco Use Among Young People”) provides evidence on the effectiveness of family-based, clinic-based, and school-based programs, mass media campaigns, regulatory and legislative approaches, increased cigarette prices, and community and statewide efforts in the fight against tobacco use among youth. Chapter 7 (“A Vision for Ending the Tobacco Epidemic”) points to next steps in preventing and reducing tobacco use among young people.
- Preparation of the Report
This report of the Surgeon General was prepared by the Office on Smoking and Health (OSH), National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), USDHHS. In 2008, 18 external independent scientists reviewed the 1994 report and suggested areas to be added and updated. These scientists also suggested chapter editors and a senior scientific editor, who were contacted by OSH. Each chapter editor named external scientists who could contribute, and 33 content experts prepared draft sections. The draft sections were consolidated into chapters by the chapter editors and then reviewed by the senior scientific editor, with technical editing performed by CDC. The chapters were sent individually to 34 peer reviewers who are experts in the areas covered and who reviewed the chapters for scientific accuracy and comprehensiveness. The entire manuscript was then sent to more than 25 external senior scientists who reviewed the science of the entire document. After each review cycle, the drafts were revised by the chapter and senior scientific editor on the basis of the experts’ comments. Subsequently, the report was reviewed by various agencies within USDHHS. Publication lags prevent up-to-the-minute inclusion of all recently published articles and data, and so some more recent publications may not be cited in this report.
- Evaluation of the Evidence
Since the first Surgeon General’s report in 1964 on smoking and health ( USDHEW 1964 ), major conclusions concerning the conditions and diseases caused by cigarette smoking and the use of smokeless tobacco have been based on explicit criteria for causal inference ( USDHHS 2004 ). Although a number of different criteria have been proposed for causal inference since the 1960s, this report focuses on the five commonly accepted criteria that were used in the original 1964 report and that are discussed in greater detail in the 2004 report on the health consequences of smoking ( USDHHS 2004 ). The five criteria refer to the examination of the association between two variables, such as a risk factor (e.g., smoking) and an outcome (e.g., lung cancer). Causal inference between these variables is based on (1) the consistency of the association across multiple studies; this is the persistent finding of an association in different persons, places, circumstances, and times; (2) the degree of the strength of association, that is, the magnitude and statistical significance of the association in multiple studies; (3) the specificity of the association to clearly demonstrate that tobacco use is robustly associated with the condition, even if tobacco use has multiple effects and multiple causes exist for the condition; (4) the temporal relationship of the association so that tobacco use precedes disease onset; and (5) the coherence of the association, that is, the argument that the association makes scientific sense, given data from other sources and understanding of biological and psychosocial mechanisms ( USDHHS 2004 ). Since the 2004 Surgeon General’s report, The Health Consequences of Smoking , a four-level hierarchy ( Table 1.1 ) has been used to assess the research data on associations discussed in these reports ( USDHHS 2004 ). In general, this assessment was done by the chapter editors and then reviewed as appropriate by peer reviewers, senior scientists, and the scientific editors. For a relationship to be considered sufficient to be characterized as causal, multiple studies over time provided evidence in support of each criteria.
Four-level hierarchy for classifying the strength of causal inferences based on available evidence.
When a causal association is presented in the chapter conclusions in this report, these four levels are used to describe the strength of the evidence of the association, from causal (1) to not causal (4). Within the report, other terms are used to discuss the evidence to date (i.e., mixed, limited, and equivocal evidence), which generally represent an inadequacy of data to inform a conclusion.
However, an assessment of a casual relationship is not utilized in presenting all of the report’s conclusions. The major conclusions are written to be important summary statements that are easily understood by those reading the report. Some conclusions, particularly those found in Chapter 3 (epidemiology), provide observations and data related to tobacco use among young people, and are generally not examinations of causal relationships. For those conclusions that are written using the hierarchy above, a careful and extensive review of the literature has been undertaken for this report, based on the accepted causal criteria ( USDHHS 2004 ). Evidence that was characterized as Level 1 or Level 2 was prioritized for inclusion as chapter conclusions.
In additional to causal inferences, statistical estimation and hypothesis testing of associations are presented. For example, confidence intervals have been added to the tables in the chapter on the epidemiology of youth tobacco use (see Chapter 3 ), and statistical testing has been conducted for that chapter when appropriate. The chapter on efforts to prevent tobacco use discusses the relative improvement in tobacco use rates when implementing one type of program (or policy) versus a control program. Statistical methods, including meta-analytic methods and longitudinal trajectory analyses, are also presented to ensure that the methods of evaluating data are up to date with the current cutting-edge research that has been reviewed. Regardless of the methods used to assess significance, the five causal criteria discussed above were applied in developing the conclusions of each chapter and the report.
- Major Conclusions
- Cigarette smoking by youth and young adults has immediate adverse health consequences, including addiction, and accelerates the development of chronic diseases across the full life course.
- Prevention efforts must focus on both adolescents and young adults because among adults who become daily smokers, nearly all first use of cigarettes occurs by 18 years of age (88%), with 99% of first use by 26 years of age.
- Advertising and promotional activities by tobacco companies have been shown to cause the onset and continuation of smoking among adolescents and young adults.
- After years of steady progress, declines in the use of tobacco by youth and young adults have slowed for cigarette smoking and stalled for smokeless tobacco use.
- Coordinated, multicomponent interventions that combine mass media campaigns, price increases including those that result from tax increases, school-based policies and programs, and statewide or community-wide changes in smoke-free policies and norms are effective in reducing the initiation, prevalence, and intensity of smoking among youth and young adults.
- Chapter Conclusions
The following are the conclusions presented in the substantive chapters of this report.
Chapter 2. The Health Consequences of Tobacco Use Among Young People
- The evidence is sufficient to conclude that there is a causal relationship between smoking and addiction to nicotine, beginning in adolescence and young adulthood.
- The evidence is suggestive but not sufficient to conclude that smoking contributes to future use of marijuana and other illicit drugs.
- The evidence is suggestive but not sufficient to conclude that smoking by adolescents and young adults is not associated with significant weight loss, contrary to young people’s beliefs.
- The evidence is sufficient to conclude that there is a causal relationship between active smoking and both reduced lung function and impaired lung growth during childhood and adolescence.
- The evidence is sufficient to conclude that there is a causal relationship between active smoking and wheezing severe enough to be diagnosed as asthma in susceptible child and adolescent populations.
- The evidence is sufficient to conclude that there is a causal relationship between smoking in adolescence and young adulthood and early abdominal aortic atherosclerosis in young adults.
- The evidence is suggestive but not sufficient to conclude that there is a causal relationship between smoking in adolescence and young adulthood and coronary artery atherosclerosis in adulthood.
Chapter 3. The Epidemiology of Tobacco Use Among Young People in the United States and Worldwide
- Among adults who become daily smokers, nearly all first use of cigarettes occurs by 18 years of age (88%), with 99% of first use by 26 years of age.
- Almost one in four high school seniors is a current (in the past 30 days) cigarette smoker, compared with one in three young adults and one in five adults. About 1 in 10 high school senior males is a current smokeless tobacco user, and about 1 in 5 high school senior males is a current cigar smoker.
- Among adolescents and young adults, cigarette smoking declined from the late 1990s, particularly after the Master Settlement Agreement in 1998. This decline has slowed in recent years, however.
- Significant disparities in tobacco use remain among young people nationwide. The prevalence of cigarette smoking is highest among American Indians and Alaska Natives, followed by Whites and Hispanics, and then Asians and Blacks. The prevalence of cigarette smoking is also highest among lower socioeconomic status youth.
- Use of smokeless tobacco and cigars declined in the late 1990s, but the declines appear to have stalled in the last 5 years. The latest data show the use of smokeless tobacco is increasing among White high school males, and cigar smoking may be increasing among Black high school females.
- Concurrent use of multiple tobacco products is prevalent among youth. Among those who use tobacco, nearly one-third of high school females and more than one-half of high school males report using more than one tobacco product in the last 30 days.
- Rates of tobacco use remain low among girls relative to boys in many developing countries, however, the gender gap between adolescent females and males is narrow in many countries around the globe.
Chapter 4. Social, Environmental, Cognitive, and Genetic Influences on the Use of Tobacco Among Youth
- Given their developmental stage, adolescents and young adults are uniquely susceptible to social and environmental influences to use tobacco.
- Socioeconomic factors and educational attainment influence the development of youth smoking behavior. The adolescents most likely to begin to use tobacco and progress to regular use are those who have lower academic achievement.
- The evidence is sufficient to conclude that there is a causal relationship between peer group social influences and the initiation and maintenance of smoking behaviors during adolescence.
- Affective processes play an important role in youth smoking behavior, with a strong association between youth smoking and negative affect.
- The evidence is suggestive that tobacco use is a heritable trait, more so for regular use than for onset. The expression of genetic risk for smoking among young people may be moderated by small-group and larger social-environmental factors.
Chapter 5. The Tobacco Industry’s Influences on the Use of Tobacco Among Youth
- In 2008, tobacco companies spent $9.94 billion on the marketing of cigarettes and $547 million on the marketing of smokeless tobacco. Spending on cigarette marketing is 48% higher than in 1998, the year of the Master Settlement Agreement. Expenditures for marketing smokeless tobacco are 277% higher than in 1998.
- Tobacco company expenditures have become increasingly concentrated on marketing efforts that reduce the prices of targeted tobacco products. Such expenditures accounted for approximately 84% of cigarette marketing and more than 77% of the marketing of smokeless tobacco products in 2008.
- The evidence is sufficient to conclude that there is a causal relationship between advertising and promotional efforts of the tobacco companies and the initiation and progression of tobacco use among young people.
- The evidence is suggestive but not sufficient to conclude that tobacco companies have changed the packaging and design of their products in ways that have increased these products’ appeal to adolescents and young adults.
- The tobacco companies’ activities and programs for the prevention of youth smoking have not demonstrated an impact on the initiation or prevalence of smoking among young people.
- The evidence is sufficient to conclude that there is a causal relationship between depictions of smoking in the movies and the initiation of smoking among young people.
Chapter 6. Efforts to Prevent and Reduce Tobacco Use Among Young People
- The evidence is sufficient to conclude that mass media campaigns, comprehensive community programs, and comprehensive statewide tobacco control programs can prevent the initiation of tobacco use and reduce its prevalence among youth.
- The evidence is sufficient to conclude that increases in cigarette prices reduce the initiation, prevalence, and intensity of smoking among youth and young adults.
- The evidence is sufficient to conclude that school-based programs with evidence of effectiveness, containing specific components, can produce at least short-term effects and reduce the prevalence of tobacco use among school-aged youth.
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Quit Smoking Essay
Emily Davidson English 122 April 11, 2013 Why We Should Quit Smoking Everybody knows that smoking harms not only yourself, but others around you, so why do we continue to smoke? Maybe we do it because we haven’t become completely aware about all the effects that smoking has. There are a lot of reasons why we shouldn’t smoke. Some of these reasons include: smoking affects your health, that we spend a lot of money on cigarettes, and that when we smoke we are disrespecting the people around us in a way. The first reason listed about why we shouldn’t smoke is that smoking cigarettes affects our health. When we smoke, our physical condition is negatively affected, so it will be very difficult for us to succeed in physical activities such as sports or exercising. As a smoker, I can verify the effect that cigarettes have taken on me personally. Also, smoking produces lethal diseases like cancer and can shorten the quality and length of our lives. I might not have noticed all the physical effects of smoking immediately, but I surely did eventually and if I don’t quit, Im sure I will be sorry one day. The second reason why we shouldn’t smoke is because of all the money that we spend on cigarettes each month. At five dollars a pack, it can become a very expensive habit. At first I started smoking only when someone offered me a cigarette, but eventually I started to feel the need of a cigarette. By this time, I was willing to pay the insane amount of money that each pack costs to buy a pack, and each time I started smoking more, I spent more money. All of the money I have spent on cigarettes could have been spent in something better. The last reason why we shouldn’t smoke is out of respect for the people around us. Show More
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Quit Smoking Case Study Essay
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Evelyn Chevez ENGL 1010 Several reasons to quit smoking About 5.4 million deaths a year are caused by tobacco. Every 6.5 seconds a current or former smoker dies, according to the World Health Organization. Tobacco use will kill 1 billion people in the 21st century if the current smoking trend continues. Many studies also show that secondhand smoke can have harmful effects on non-smokers and can even cause them to develop diseases such as lung cancer and heart disease. Secondhand smoke has an especially…
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Tools and Programs to help quit smoking 1 Cigarette Package Health Warnings Cigarette smoking is the one of a cause of preventable death all over the world. U.S. Department of Health and Humans Services for Disease Control and Prevention (2011) suggests that how much people are interested in quitting smoking and how many countries used health warning on cigarette packages in 14 countries. As a result of this survey, only 4 of 14 countries have health warnings with pictures on tobacco product…
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How to Break A Smoking Habit. In our society, there are still many of people who are smoking cigarettes. If you smoke, you already know you need to quit. How can you break a smoking habit? It’s bad for your heart, lungs, brain, and even your sex life, but quitting isn’t easy. If a your loved one wants to break a smoking habit, what will you tell them? Quitting smoking can be simple if you’re following these directions. The first step is prepares to quit smoking by setting a date…
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Ban Smoking in Public Places Essay
This is a ban smoking in public places essay. It is an example of an essay where you have to give your opinion as to whether you agree or disagree.
The sample answer shows you how you can present the opposing argument first , that is not your opinion, and then present your opinion in the following paragraph.
It is always a good idea to present a balanced essay which presents both sides of the argument, but you must always make it very clear what your opinion is and which side of the argument you support.
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Write about the following topic:
Smoking not only harms the smoker, but also those who are nearby. Therefore, smoking should be banned in public places.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own experience or knowledge.
Write at least 250 words.
Model Answer
Medical studies have shown that smoking not only leads to health problems for the smoker, but also for people close by. As a result of this, many believe that smoking should not be allowed in public places. Although there are arguments on both sides, I strongly agree that a ban is the most appropriate course of action.
Opponents of such a ban argue against it for several reasons. Firstly, they say that passive smokers make the choice to breathe in other people’s smoke by going to places where it is allowed. If they would prefer not to smoke passively, then they do not need to visit places where smoking is permitted. In addition, they believe a ban would possibly drive many bars and pubs out of business as smokers would not go there anymore. They also argue it is a matter of freedom of choice. Smoking is not against the law, so individuals should have the freedom to smoke where they wish.
However, there are more convincing arguments in favour of a ban. First and foremost, it has been proven that tobacco consists of carcinogenic compounds which cause serious harm to a person’s health, not only the smoker. Anyone around them can develop cancers of the lungs, mouth and throat, and other sites in the body. It is simply not fair to impose this upon another person. It is also the case that people’s health is more important than businesses. In any case, pubs and restaurants could adapt to a ban by, for example, allowing smoking areas .
In conclusion, it is clear that it should be made illegal to smoke in public places. This would improve the health of thousands of people, and that is most definitely a positive development.
(290 words)
This essay is well organized and presented.
The introduction is clear - note how it follows the ban smoking in public places essay question - it paraphrases the information in order to introduce the topic and the argument.
The argument against a ban on smoking in public places is presented first. It is made clear that it is not the authors opinion by the topic sentence:
" Opponents of such a ban argue against it for several reasons ".
And also by the use of the word 'they' to refer to the opponents.
The writer then clearly shows they are moving on to the other argument which is their own (and it has clearly been stated in the thesis that this is their argument):
" However, there are more convincing arguments in favour of a ban ".
In this paragraph, 'they' is dropped because it is now the writers opinion.
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Essay topics: Argumentative Essay: Discussion about Smoking. The doctor said to me, "Stop smoking!". Terrie spoke with the aid of an artificial voice box that was inserted in her throat. Home >; Speeches >; First Reading of the Smoke-free Environments. By Dr. John Uebersax. You might be. According to USA Today, recent studies have come to show that tobacco-free campuses have helped students to quit smoking. If a speaker inspires smokers to quit smoking, there would be. The Jamaica Cancer Society (JCS) has collaborated with the American Cancer Society to offer free training on how to quit smoking. Petition essay quit smoking persuasive essay horoskoopit karhu unessay essay on. In fact, it's. When a person tries to quit smoking, the amount of nicotine in their brain drops, and. VOL: 101, ISSUE: 10, PAGE NO: 26 Ben Youdan, is chief executive of the charity No Smoking Day Bridget Queally, Bsc, RM, is freelance smoking cessation. Just reading this article is a big step toward becoming tobacco-free. Below i am attaching a weebly website link to my essay, and i will. Quit Smoking With Our Highly Recommended Non-Smokers Edge Program. Amendment rights against unconstitutionally compelled speech as a. Adib said to His Friend - Quit smoking - adib asked his friend to quit smoking. Quit smoking or die. How Smoking Affects Your Looks & Life Slideshow · Tips to Quit Smoking. CPAA: Quit Smoking Campaign, Anti Tobacco & Quit Smoking Campaign. Mark VandeWettering, Technical Director. Extracts from this document. On this site, sign up to a free quit programme online or by calling 0800 778 778. World Health Organization (WHO). “If we can stop [them smoking] during childhood and adolescence. I know because I've. Illustration of No Smoking sign icon. Of smoking cigars is available in a separate essay entitled Cigar Smoking and Cancer.
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Awareness Of Anti Smoking Campaigns Health Essay
Info: 2409 words (10 pages) Nursing Essay Published: 11th Feb 2020
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Long-term and Short-term consequences of Smoking
Rates of incidence and prevalence, anti-smoking campaigns, methodology for data collection, the views and perceptions of chosen sample population (roehampton students) with reference to the incidence of smoking and awareness on anti-smoking campaigns were explored using qualitative research methodologies, more specifically questionnaires. various data collection sources are utilised extensively within the ethical limits to portray the research rationale which is “incidence of smoking against roehampton student and their awareness of anti-smoking campaigns”., ethical approval, data analysis.
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Anti-smoking essay, 1st place winner
- 1st place winner High School essay contest: Blake Ballard, 16yrs old, 10th grade from Doniphan-Trumbull
- Nov 20, 2012
- Nov 20, 2012 Updated Nov 21, 2012
About 23 percent of all adults are smokers. This fact seems dwarfed when you hear that 30 percent of adolescents use some sort of tobacco. In fact, statistics show that the average age for first using tobacco is 13. This means that the majority of all tobacco users started when they were a teenager. The effects of smoking are common and dangerous but what most people don't realize, secondhand and thirdhand smoking is just as bad. Authority figures need to set up limitations for tobacco use and combat young age smoking.
Cigarette smoke contains around 4,800 chemicals, 69 of those can cause cancer. The effects of using tobacco are wide and varied but all of them are dangerous to every user's health. A study done by the American Lung Association states that smokers die significantly earlier than non-smokers. Smoking men and women have an average of 14 years of less life than a person who doesn't use tobacco. Human beings are supposed to do all they can to extend their lives. Yet people still make the choice to use tobacco and other abusive substances. A few dangerous diseases one could get by using tobacco include: coronary heart disease, lung, oral, throat, kidney, and pancreatic cancer, and even COPD. The list goes on and on and most of them can leave a person scared for life. Smoking is unacceptable in general, but doing it while pregnant is even worse. Just under eleven percent of all pregnant women smoke. Using tobacco while pregnant accounts for ten percent of all infant deaths. Smoking is obviously terrible. All of these facts plainly support that simple statement.
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If one person smokes, the whole building smokes! Whether that statement describes a house, a place of work, or an apartment building, smoking affects everyone in the near vicinity. The more prominent example of the three would be an apartment building. What would happen if a tobacco user decided to smoke in a building full of families and young children? The smoke that is released from the cigarette has the possibility of infiltrating the homes where young children are playing. Secondhand smoke is not something to joke about. It's just as bad, if not worse than directly inhaling tobacco on a regular basis. Secondhand smoke occurs when one person exhales a smoke cloud and that cloud makes its way to another person. That other person could be baby sleeping in the apartment next door, a teenager doing homework the floor directly above the smoker, or even an elderly lady knitting in her room across the hall. It could happen to anyone, anytime, anywhere. Thirdhand smoke occurs when the actual smoke permeates a person's clothes and anyone who takes a sniff, inhales particles of tobacco. This is a much more widespread problem than secondhand smoke because one person can carry the scent of smoke wherever he or she goes. In the elevator, through a hallway, in the lobby, the possibilities of meeting someone who smokes are endless and that increases the chance of inhaling tobacco. Only the actual smoker has the power to stop second and thirdhand smoke. They have to take the initiative to not harm other people and quit bringing dangerous tobacco to innocent humans.
Certain places are making it illegal to smoke around other people. The Grand Island City code prohibits smoking in public places. Why not outlaw all smoking except for certain designated places. This would limit the amount of exposure nonsmoking individuals receive. It would allow families to safely take a walk through a park without encountering any disease filled smoke clouds. California was the first state to try and achieve this by initiating a statewide ban. Following California's lead other states started to join in. On June 1,2009, Nebraska's Clean Indoor Air Pact went into effect. This banned all smoking in bars, restaurants and all enclosed workplaces. This is a great start and hopefully Nebraska bumps it up a notch and initiates more laws and bills that effectively stops second and thirdhand smoke altogether.
The effects of smoking are widespread and can be deadly. The issues one could get by using tobacco should turn anyone away from the idea. Yet, it still happens. Youth still have a high probability of trying some sort of tobacco use and when they live in an environment where secondhand smoke is constant, it makes it that much worse. Like stated above, an apartment building would be the perfect example for showing the dangers of second and thirdhand smoke. If one person smokes, the whole building smokes. This phrase clearly states that when one persons decides to give in to the addiction known as cigarettes, the whole building and the surrounding area are affected to.
Bibliography:
Ballantyne, Coco. "What Is Third-hand Smoke? Is It Hazardous?" Scientific
American. Scientific American, n.d. Web. 09 Nov. 2012.
"General Smoking Facts." American Lung Association. American Lung Association, June 2011. Web. 9 Oct. 2012. figures/general-smoking-facts.html>.
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