Essay Writing Guide for Psychology Students
Saul Mcleod, PhD
Educator, Researcher
BSc (Hons) Psychology, MRes, PhD, University of Manchester
Saul Mcleod, Ph.D., is a qualified psychology teacher with over 18 years experience of working in further and higher education.
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Olivia Guy-Evans
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BSc (Hons), Psychology, MSc, Psychology of Education
Olivia Guy-Evans is a writer and associate editor for Simply Psychology. She has previously worked in healthcare and educational sectors.
Before you write your essay it’s important to analyse the task and understand exactly what the essay question is asking. It is possible your lecturer will give you some advice – pay attention to this as it will help you plan your answer.
Next conduct preliminary reading based on your lecture notes. At this stage it’s not crucial to have a robust understanding of key theories or studies, but you should at least have a general “gist” of the literature.
After reading, plan a response to the task. This plan could be in the form of a mind map, a summary table, or by writing a core statement (which encompass the entire argument of your essay in just a few sentences).
After writing your plan conduct supplementary reading and refine your plan and make it more detailed.
It is tempting to skip these preliminary steps and just write the first draft while reading at the same time. However, reading and planning will make the essay writing process easier, quicker, and ensure a higher quality essay is produced.
Now let us look at what constitutes a good essay in psychology. There are a number of important features.
- A Global Structure – structure the material in a way that allows for a logical sequence of ideas. Each paragraph / statement should follow sensibly from its predecessor. The essay should “flow”. The introduction, main body and conclusion should all be linked.
Each paragraph should comprise a main theme which are illustrated and developed through a number of points (supported by evidence).
- Knowledge and Understanding – recognise, recall and show understanding on a range of scientific material that accurately reflects the main theoretical perspectives.
- Critical Evaluation – arguments should be supported by appropriate evidence and/or theory from the literature. Evidence of independent thinking, insight and evaluation of the evidence.
- Quality of Written Communication – writing clearly and succinctly with appropriate use of paragraphs, spelling and grammar. All sources referenced accurately and in line with APA guidelines.
In the main body of the essay every paragraph should demonstrate both knowledge and critical evaluation.
There should also be an appropriate balance between these two essay components. Try to aim for about a 60/40 split if possible. Most students make the mistake of writing too much knowledge and not enough evaluation (which is the difficult bit).
It is best to structure your essay according to key themes. Themes are illustrated and developed through a number of points (supported by evidence). Choose relevant points only, ones that most reveal the theme or help to make a convincing and interesting argument.
Knowledge and Understanding
Remember that an essay is simply a discussion / argument on paper. Don”t make the mistake of writing all the information you know regarding a particular topic.
You need to be concise, and clearly articulate your argument. A sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a paragraph no unnecessary sentences.
Each paragraph should have a purpose / theme, and make a number of points – which need to be support by high quality evidence. Be clear why each point is is relevant to the argument. It would be useful at the beginning of each paragraph if you explicitly outlined the theme being discussed (.e.g. cognitive development, social development etc.).
Try not to overuse quotations in your essays. It is more appropriate to use original content to demonstrate your understanding.
Psychology is a science so you must support your ideas with evidence (not your own personal opinion). If you are discussing a theory or research study make sure you cite the source of the information.
Note this is not the author of a textbook you have read – but the original source / author(s) of the theory or research study.
For example:
Bowlby (1951) claimed that mothering is almost useless if delayed until after two and a half to three years and, for most children, if delayed till after 12 months, i.e. there is a critical period.
Maslow (1943) stated that people are motivated to achieve certain needs. When one need is fulfilled a person seeks to fullfil the next one, and so on.
As a general rule make sure there is at least one citation (i.e. name of psychologist and date of publication) in each paragraph.
Remember to answer the essay question. Underline the key words in the essay title. Don”t make the mistake of simply writing everything you know of a particular topic, be selective. Each paragraph in your essay should contribute to answering the essay question.
Critical Evaluation
In simple terms this means outlining the strengths and limitations of a theory or research study.
There are many ways you can critically evaluate:
- Methodological evaluation of research –
Is the study valid / reliable ? Is the sample biased or can we generalize the findings to other populations? What are the strengths and limitations of the method used and data obtained?
Be careful to ensure that any methodological criticisms are justified and not trite. Rather than hunting for weaknesses in every study; only highlight limitations which make you doubt the conclusions that the authors have drawn – e.g. where an alternative explanation might be equally likely because something hasn’t been adequately controlled.
- Compare or contrast different theories –
Outline how the theories are similar and how they differ. This could be two (or more) theories of personality / memory / child development etc. Also try to communicate the value of the theory / study.
- Debates or perspectives –
Refer to debates such as nature or nurture, reductionism vs. holism or the perspectives in psychology . For example, would they agree or disagree with a theory or the findings of the study?
- What are the ethical issues of the research? –
Does a study involve ethical issues such as deception, privacy, psychological and physical harm.
- Gender bias –
If research is biased towards men or women it does not provide a clear view of the behavior that has been studied. A dominantly male perspective is known as an androcentric bias.
- Cultural bias –
Is the theory / study ethnocentric? Psychology is predominantly a white, Euro-American enterprise. In some texts, over 90% of studies have US participants, who are predominantly white and middle class. Does the theory or study being discussed judge other cultures by Western standards?
- Animal Research –
This raises the issue of whether it’s morally and/or scientifically right to use animals. The main criterion is that benefits must outweigh costs. But benefits are almost always to humans and costs to animals.
Animal research also raises the issue of extrapolation. Can we generalize from studies on animals to humans as their anatomy & physiology is different from humans?
The PEC System
It is very important to elaborate on your evaluation. Don”t just write a shopping list of brief (one or two sentence) evaluation points. Instead make sure you expand on your points, remember, quality of evaluation is most important than quantity.
When you are writing an evaluation paragraph use the PEC system.
- Make your P oint.
- E xplain how and why the point is relevant.
- Discuss the C onsequences / implications of the theory or study. Are they positive or negative?
For Example
( Point ) It is argued that psychoanalytic therapy is only of benefit to an articulate, intelligent, affluent minority.
( Explain ) Because psychoanalytic therapy involves talking and gaining insight, and is costly and time-consuming, it is argued that it is only of benefit to an articulate, intelligent, affluent minority. Evidence suggests psychoanalytic therapy works best if the client is motivated and has a positive attitude.
( Consequences ) A depressed client’s apathy, flat emotional state and lack of motivation limit the appropriateness of psychoanalytic therapy for depression. Furthermore, the levels of dependency of depressed clients mean that transference is more likely to develop.
Using Research Studies in your Essays
Research studies can either be knowledge or evaluation.
- If you refer to the procedures and findings of a study, this shows knowledge and understanding.
- If you comment on what the studies shows, and what it supports and challenges about the theory in question, this shows evaluation.
Writing an Introduction
It is often best to write your introduction when you have finished the main body of the essay, so that you have a good understanding to the topic area.
If there is a word count for your essay try to devote 10% of this to your introduction.
Ideally the introduction should;
Identify the subject of the essay and define the key terms. Highlight the major issues which “lie behind” the question. Let the reader know how you will focus your essay by identifying the main themes to be discussed. “Signpost” the essay’s key argument, (and, if possible, how this argument is structured).
Introductions are very important as first impressions count and they can create a h alo effect in the mind of the lecturer grading your essay. If you start off well then you are more likely to be forgiven for the odd mistake later one.
Writing a Conclusion
So many students either forget to write a conclusion or fail to give it the attention it deserves.
If there is a word count for your essay try to devote 10% of this to your conclusion.
Ideally the conclusion should summarize the key themes / arguments of your essay. State the take home message – don’t sit on the fence, instead weigh up the evidence presented in the essay and make a decision which side of the argument has more support.
Also, you might like to suggest what future research may need to be conducted and why (read the discussion section of journal articles for this).
Don”t include new information / arguments (only information discussed in the main body of the essay).
If you are unsure of what to write read the essay question and answer it in one paragraph.
Points that unite or embrace several themes can be used to great effect as part of your conclusion.
The Importance of Flow
Obviously, what you write is important, but how you communicate your ideas / arguments has a significant influence on your overall grade. Most students may have similar information / content in their essays, but the better students communicate this information concisely and articulately.
When you have finished the first draft of your essay you must check if it “flows”. This is an important feature of quality of communication (along with spelling and grammar).
This means that the paragraphs follow a logical order (like the chapters in a novel). Have a global structure with themes arranged in a way that allows for a logical sequence of ideas. You might want to rearrange (cut and paste) paragraphs to a different position in your essay if they don”t appear to fit in with the essay structure.
To improve the flow of your essay make sure the last sentence of one paragraph links to first sentence of the next paragraph. This will help the essay flow and make it easier to read.
Finally, only repeat citations when it is unclear which study / theory you are discussing. Repeating citations unnecessarily disrupts the flow of an essay.
Referencing
The reference section is the list of all the sources cited in the essay (in alphabetical order). It is not a bibliography (a list of the books you used).
In simple terms every time you cite/refer to a name (and date) of a psychologist you need to reference the original source of the information.
If you have been using textbooks this is easy as the references are usually at the back of the book and you can just copy them down. If you have been using websites then you may have a problem as they might not provide a reference section for you to copy.
References need to be set out APA style :
Author, A. A. (year). Title of work . Location: Publisher.
Journal Articles
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Article title. Journal Title, volume number (issue number), page numbers
A simple way to write your reference section is use Google scholar . Just type the name and date of the psychologist in the search box and click on the “cite” link.
Next, copy and paste the APA reference into the reference section of your essay.
Once again remember that references need to be in alphabetical order according to surname.
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A Guide On Writing a Psychology Essay
The best way to deal with the "how to write an essay for psychology" question is to actually define a narrow area you would want to delve into and research. It is quite a fascinating paper for those students who major in psychology. Of course, you must carry out research before moving to the paper drafting phase. It is called an "essay," however, there can be some slight differences compared to other types of essays.
The most exciting part is that students who attend courses like abnormal psychology may be asked to write a paper on a scenario they once encountered or one that they can think of and recreate in detail. Often, it's better to try getting a thorough understanding of the essay requirements before diving into writing to avoid going off-point.
Psychology Essay Writing Guidelines
Before you sit to write a psychology essay, make sure you read the requirements and a question set thoroughly and understood what is required of you. If you can answer what's asked and required of you, you can start writing a draft. The easy way to gain the understanding is to identify and mark the keywords (such as evaluate, discuss, etc.) as they will guide and continuously remind you as you are writing.
As a student already studying psychology, you probably have knowledge on the subject, but it is essential to expand it through some journal articles, textbooks, news, the Internet, etc.
An essay on psychology presupposes carrying out substantial research on the topic. You should not just gather the relevant information: your task is to read it, assess it and critically evaluate the material to be able to use it in your essay. If psychology isn't your major, it's okay to consider it difficult enough to write an essay on this discipline. You didn't spend much time studying it, so it's essential for you to lack the understanding of the human mind, consciousness, and the way they work.
Essay On Psychology: Structure Guidelines
Whatever essay type you need to write, a standard or core structure should be used in your writing. It consists of the intro, body, and the final part - a conclusion. Following this structure is an excellent way to write a psychology essay: your reader will have a better understanding of your paper's main ideas and thoughts. In addition, it is an order the audience should follow when going through your writing. A five-paragraph structure is the most popular one, however, in this type of paper, you may have even more sections because everything depends on the number of arguments and points you are ready to provide.
Formatting Your Psychology Essay In APA
There are different styles that a student can choose to format the psychology paper. The format used for this type is called APA and is the one that most students should use.
- Introduction
- Theme 1~ point 1-3
- Theme 2~ point 4-5
- Theme 3~ point 6
If the essay is five pages or more, the APA format requires it to be divided into the following segments:
- The Abstract
The citation should, by all means, follow the set of rules as information that is wrongly referenced may lead to plagiarism and also result in marks lost. The student is to be careful in their writing, and also below are some things to note in APA text citation:
- The title of the source is to be in the capital.
- Use initials for the title in case the author's name is not provided.
- The initials and the name of the author should be capitalized.
If you are not paraphrasing, it is imperative to write the page number in quotes.
If you are not sure about getting this format correctly, do not go for the APA citation generators, as it will be substandard. Instead, it will be advisable to use the BestCustomWriting.com professional writers to check if your work is written accordingly to the required format.
Psychology Essay: Tips On Writing an Introduction
The introduction is the first paragraph of your paper, and its significance is huge. This section lets your readers understand what the paper is about. The task of the writer here is to summarize the background information and help the audience understand the value of the paper.
Remember that the end of your introduction should have a thesis statement - it's often considered the main sentence of the whole paper. It may be two to three sentences that are important to the audience, which will tell the main ideas of your paper.
It could be more meaningful to write the introduction after you finish the body because then you will have your main points clearly written. However, the choice is up to the writer.
Psychology Essay: Tackling Body Paragraphs
Every paragraph should be on a different concept or idea. You begin each by introducing an idea and then explain or develop it with some facts and examples. Remember that if you are actually telling the readers the information they haven't heard before, it shouldn't be your mere opinion but vivid evidence from your research.
The Secret of Crafting a Conclusion For Your Psychology Paper
The ideas and thoughts you mention in the main sections must be summarized in this final part. Note that the thesis statement should be paraphrased and restated to avoid repetition. The conclusion is more or less the same length as the introduction.
Good Psychology Essay Topics
Selecting the winning topic is extremely important because it allows you to maintain proper focus and comply with your professor's instructions. Let's take a look at some interesting ideas for psychology essay topics:
- Can a person suffering from depression take Prozac and avoid side effects?
- How does insomnia negatively affect the mental state of a human being?
- Why do children really need to play?
- Can a person's mental health issues be solved or improved by exercise?
- Is there any correlation between old age and decline in mental health?
- How can stress, which is not dealt with, affect a person's health?
- Explain the Bipolar disorder.
- How is work performance affected by depression?
- How do certain habits begin, and how can they be changed or stopped?
- Effect of violent films on children.
- The impact of abortion on females' mental health.
- What is the best way of assisting children after their parents' divorce?
- Are students having breakfast livelier than those who do not?
- How a minor got molested can have a lasting effect on their subsequent lives.
- Why do good girls fall for bad guys?
- Are stay-at-home mothers able to raise happier and more successful children?
- The psychological issues homeless people have to deal with.
- Effects of postpartum depression on the mother and child.
- The psychology behind long-lasting marriages.
- Obsession with fast foods.
Sometimes, researching a good topic can be even more frustrating than writing a psychology paper itself, especially if you're dealing with a multifaceted discipline like psychology. Students need to decide which psychology branch they would like to focus on, and it's very easy for them to lose their bearings in such a diverse environment. They should invest a lot of time and effort into researching so they don't have any difficulty organizing and structuring information in their research topic. Please, keep in mind that writing a research paper also requires students to do a lot of reading and carry out extensive fieldwork.
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- Writing Guides
How To Write A Psychology Essay
Content of this article.
- Outline sample
- Tips on writing
- List of topics
How to Write a Psychology Essay
A psychology essay is an article that tackles a certain aspect of psychology.
Before writing a psychology essay, it is important first to understand the question at hand.
It serves the following purposes:
- To explain a particular concept: a psychology essay tries to explain a certain aspect for example, what causes fears and phobias;
- To encourage creativity: a psychology essay improves the creativity of students as they are required to think out of their comfort zone and write an article that stands out;
- To give a diagnosis: the student can write a psychology essay to explain why they think that a particular diagnosis is necessary. It explains the reasons behind the diagnosis arrived at.
Outline for a psychology essay
Before writing an essay on psychology, it is important first to understand what the topic is all about. Reread general notes on the area before narrowing it down to your area of interest. Doing this makes it easier to settle on a subject. Besides, follow the tips for a psychology essay writing to make your work easier.
Below is a sample of an essay on psychology
Personality and Character
Introduction
In interpersonal relationships, various factors contribute to the sustenance of a relationship. Different people have different personalities and how they relate to each other is different. Understanding personalities lead to better interpersonal relationships.
Thesis statement
Different circumstances shape personality traits and characters and therefore influence how they interact with others.
- Girls who grow up in violent homes have self-esteem issues. Seeing their mom being abused gives them a false understanding that being a woman is worthless.
- A person who grew up without siblings becomes more inclined to be self-centered as they are not accustomed to sharing.
- An introvert is more likely to have fun when staying indoors with friends rather than going out or hanging out in crowded areas.
Various factors shape personality and character and these factors should not be overlooked. The environment that a person grows in greatly influences their future life.
The above outline for a psychology essay looks at the effects and influences of the environment on the character.
Good tips on writing
1. tips concerning introduction for a psychology essay.
- The first step to writing a good psychology essay introduction is to have a rough idea of what you are about to write. Having some previous knowledge on the topic ensures that you become more competent and research widely.
- Secondly, have a global structure- this ensures that you have a coherent sentence and flow of ideas . The psychology essay draft tells you whether your content will be enough and lets you know if you have the know-how on how to go about the topic. This method of psychology essay writing is very helpful.
- How to start a psychology essay is challenging for many writers. It is, therefore, necessary to follow the guidelines as shown by the lecturer or from copies found on the internet and various other sources. Start with a catchy phrase or a story. The purpose is to attract the reader from the very beginning. The rule of thumb in the introduction is always to be creative. Readers should look forward to reading your essay and not just skimming through it.
- Write your introduction in short flowing sentences. They give your essay a touch of excellence. When writing very long sentences, use commas to allow the reader to breathe.
- Ensure your topic is written well and not too wordy. It should not have more than ten words. The topic sentence should show the reader what your essay discusses. Having a long topic sentence confuses the reader as they cannot pick out the theme to be discussed.
2. Psychology essay tips on thesis writing
- The thesis is the main point of the piece. Choose a topic that is relevant and has a case study to back up your theory.
- The thesis question and statement should not be too broad for you to cover. Narrow down on a particular topic to ensure quality work in research. The thesis statement should be well thought out to elude knowledge and mastery of content.
- Try as much as possible to paraphrase and not copy and paste the thesis from the internet from a pre-written essay on psychology. If researching, rephrase it to avoid plagiarism. Most people are tempted to copy directly from the web.
3. Tips on writing the body (length, paragraphs, and transitions)
- The body carries the weight of the thesis. Have knowledge and understanding of your topic- do not write a subject that you will have no content on. Show that you understand all specifics of your research question and can relate them to real-life situations.
- Have critical evaluation- your assumptions should have relevant evidence both in theory and application. It requires insightful and independent thinking. When mentioning any theory, ensure that you have a case to defend how to apply the theory. The body should be well written. When writing an essay on psychology, the body, and language is crucial.
- Avoid using too much jargon in your writing. In case you do use some technical terms, explain them. Complexities in essay writing make the reader bored. Explain your themes in well laid out independent paragraphs. Each section should carry a point or two. Ensure that the points do not run over to the next paragraph.
4. Tips on how to conclude a psychology essay
Like all other essays. How you write the psychology essay conclusion is critical.
- Introduce the conclusion in a unique manner.
- Avoid using words like ‘to conclude.’
- Your conclusion for a psychology essay sums up your arguments. Give the consequences of your study concerning your research.
- Do not introduce new concepts.
- Make sure that you cover all the topics in the body so as not to defend them in the conclusion.
5. Sources for psychology essay
There are so many materials where the student can gather essay questions:
- Books on psychology are useful in getting the concepts.
- The internet provides various themes and psychology essay guides.
- Brainstorming from a general topic and narrowing it down.
- A literature review is also a valuable source for ideas and other psychology essay writing help that you may need.
- Try to interact with teachers for more information and psychology essay writing guides.
6. Finalizing the essay
The final step of writing an article is proofreading. Proofread to correct spelling, punctuation, and other grammatical errors. Ensure you check out for plagiarism. Your work should be original and creative. Use citations and proper referencing of sources. There are different referencing styles like Harvard, Chicago, or APA. The writer can also give out the written copy to friends for feedback. Be prepared to get both negative and positive criticism . Finally, ensure that you have a glossary of technical terms well defined for the reader to understand. The psychology essay outlining should be done as required.
7. Tips on topic choice
- Research widely on different disciplines before settling for a topic.
- Pick an area that you have an interest in as this is a high motivation for research.
- Refer to other items to find out the outline.
- Be flexible that is, allow yourself to have room for change. After writing the body, your arguments might end up defending a different topic
- Have a list of keywords you intend to use
- Ensure you have the available material for your topic
Below is a list of available topics for a psychology essay prepared by the team at our online essay writing service that the student can pick from for their psychology essay writing.
List of topics for psychology essay
- What are the different types of personalities?
- Discuss the relationship between dreams and reality
- Eating disorders
- Depression and stress management
- Attitude and attitude change
- Mental health
- Perception and the knowledge process
- Psychopharmacology
- Psychoanalysis
- Hypnosis and psychological unconscious
Psychology Essay
Publication Date: 03 May 2018
The first thing you need to figure out when you’ve got a psychology essay assigned is your topic. First of all, choose an area you want to focus on. You must be specific because it’s the only approach that allows you to provide enough information and be interesting. We recommend that you choose educational psychology.
Educational Psychology
Educational psychology considers features of an educational environment. Some conditions may simplify the process of education of children, while others may only make their work more difficult. Educational psychology is also focused on various methods of teaching and features of childhood development. Improving methods of education, we can teach children faster, expecting better results.
There are many articles devoted to this area of psychology, so you can easily find a lot of sources for your essay and use them for references or quotes. You can also choose any other area, as a psychology degree allows you to choose from among different options when planning your future career, but educational psychology is especially interesting, and it targets a broad audience. Thus, we decided to provide you with examples from this field.
What Is Psychology?
This is the most important question that we must answer in order to clarify what to write about, and what to focus on. This science studies the human mind and principles of its work. It also studies how our behavior changes in different kinds of environment. This science includes so many different areas that you can always choose something interesting for your essay. Usually, there is no problem with studies and other sources available online that you can use in your work.
The diversity of various materials also hides its drawbacks. First of all, it may be hard for you to narrow your topic. We suggest reading materials published in reputable journals and online education magazines and choosing topics that are the most discussed. Make sure that you use only reliable sources, since there are many blogs and journals that publish materials on pseudo-psychology, including various spiritual practices.
Introduction
To ensure a logical flow of thoughts, you must begin your essay with an introduction. It is the very first section of your paper, and it’s relatively short, consisting of 3-5 sentences. However, it doesn’t mean that this section is the easiest one. Moreover, we suggest writing this part after the whole essay is done, to clearly understand what to include here. The introduction explains the topic of your essay and focuses your readers’ attention. Thus, it serves both informative and rhetoric functions. Another important feature of the introduction is that here you present your thesis statement , which will be the most important part of the essay.
An essay about educational psychology will be somewhat similar to expository essays , explaining a chosen topic. A body of your essay must be 3-8 paragraphs long. Every paragraph of the body consists of several sentences devoted to different ideas. Each idea must be related to your thesis statement.
The structure of paragraphs is as follows:
- The first sentence that introduces the main idea of this paragraph;
- Evidence: facts, quotes, and references that support the idea of the paragraph;
- A brief conclusion and a transition to the next paragraph.
Before you start writing essay , you must collect enough information so that you will have many facts about your topic to choose from. You must be well acquainted with your topic and provide all the information in an understandable way so that even readers who have never heard of educational psychology can understand what you’re writing about.
The last thing you have to do is write a conclusion. You need to summarize everything that you said and remind your thesis statement . An important thing to remember is that you need to rewrite it. Don’t copy it word-for-word from the introduction. You may want to slightly shift the focus to a broader context so that you’ll leave your readers with something to think about. Don’t make your introduction too long, since it has to just summarize your essay.
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The Structure Of Personality Psychology Essay
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THE STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY
Comparing personality theories, innate vs. learned factors, conscious vs. unconscious, internal vs. external determinants, the big five factors of personality, extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness to experience, low scorers, high scorers.
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PERSONALITY AND SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT
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Essay on Psychology | Psychology
Essay on ‘Psychology’ for class 9, 10, 11 and 12. Find paragraphs, long and short essays on ‘Psychology’ especially written for school and college students.
Essay on Psychology
Essay # 1. introduction to psychology:.
Psychology is relatively a young science and yet within a brief span it has made tremendous progress. Psychology touches almost every facet of our lives. There is hardly any single aspect of human life where psychology has not made its contribution.
In all the important spheres of life, such as industry, technology, arts, education, law, management, politics, social life, medicine etc., psychology has made its unique contribution by examining the basic psychological processes underlying all these spheres; viewed from this angle, it can be said that the scope of psychology is as vast as our life itself.
Psychology has been defined as the science of human and animal behaviour. In other words, psychologists are interested in finding out the causes underlying various types of behaviour. The term behaviour as it is used in psychology is very broad. It does not mean only the things a person does in everyday life, such as walking, crying, frowning etc.
For the psychologists, however, the term behaviour includes not only how we act or what we do, but also how we think and how we feel. In short, it includes mental processes, such as thinking, feeling, willing, imagining etc. as well as the physical processes.
Since every organism including man lives in an environment with ever changing energies, objects and other organisms, psychologist believe that behaviour is a means of adjusting to the environment. All our behaviour, therefore, is directed towards achieving an adjustment between the forces within us and those in our environment.
Adjustment to inner and outer demands of the body is a continuous process and hence, psychologists aim at the study of organism’s attempt to adjust itself to the varying conditions both within itself and in its environment.
Essay # 2. Fields of Psychology :
Psychology is relatively young compared to other sciences and yet within a very short time it has pervaded practically all fields of human behaviour. Psychology is no longer a subject of academic interest taught in colleges and universities, but its impact has been felt in business, industry, clinics, guidance centres and education. Psychologists do many things depending on their field of specialization. In this article we shall attempt to indicate some of the fields of specialization in which psychologists are engaged.
i. Experimental Psychology:
In this category we find psychologists who use experimental methods to study the behaviour of the individual. They study how individuals react to sensory stimuli, perceive the world around them, learn and remember things and events, respond emotionally either in a positive or negative way, and are motivated to action whether because of the organic need of hunger, or because of their desire for some status in society. In short, experimental psychologist by using laboratory techniques, study sensation, perception, learning, remembering and forgetting, emotion and motivation.
Usually since these phenomena cannot be investigated with human beings as their subjects due to the ethical consideration, psychologists work with animals. They attempt to relate their animal findings to human behaviour, sometimes they also study animals in order to compare the behaviour of different species and they are known as comparative psychologists. Whatever the interest, experimental psychologists are concerned with developing precise, objective and scientific methods of measurement and control.
The term experimental psychology is really a misnomer because psychologists in several other areas make use of experimental methods. For example, social and personality psychologists also use experimental techniques although, strictly speaking, they are not experimentalists. Experimental psychology, therefore, is distinguished as such by its methods. Experimental psychologists are not primarily engaged in work which has a direct application to practical problems; instead, they are interested understand the fundamental causes of behaviour. In short, they are theoreticians.
ii. Physiological Psychology:
Closely related to experimental psychology is physiological psychology. The physiological psychologist tries to discover the relationships between bodily processes and behaviour, it is interested in showing some type of correlation between a given psychological activity and some set of physiological activities within the organism. How do sex hormones influence behaviour? What are the areas of the brain that control speech? How do drugs like marijuana and LSD affect coordination and memory? These and several other questions form the subject-matter of physiological psychology.
The physiological psychologist, really speaking, is concerned with the whole organism. His interest lies in the reintegration of the total activity of the organism and to accomplish this he must go into the physiology of the living organism as a functional unit.
iii. Developmental Psychology:
The main purpose of developmental psychology is to study the human growth and the factors that shape human behaviour from birth to old age. It is much more comprehensive than the child psychology or the psychology of adolescence. Developmental psychology studies the qualitative changes that take place with the changes in age.
These changes are directional, that is, they; lead forward rather than backward. At every stage of the development, some changes just begin, others are at their peak, and some others are in the process of decline. Different types of changes influence the development in different ways.
Developmental psychology has both research and applied aspects. For example, much of the research in developmental psychology is concerned with the intellectual, emotional, social and moral development. On the applied side, the developmental psychologist works with maladjusted and disturbed children.
iv. Clinical Psychology:
Clinical psychology appears to be the largest area in which psychologists work. A clinical psychologist is engaged in the application of psychological principles to the diagnosis and treatment of emotional and behavioural problems such as mental illness, criminal behaviour, drug addiction, juvenile delinquency, mental retardation and other problems of adjustment.
Clinical psychologists work in a clinic, in a mental hospital, a mental- health clinic, in a prison, or are in private practice. In most cases, individuals with major personal problems come to them for help.
It is necessary to distinguish between two types of specialists, namely, clinical psychologists and psychiatrists. The psychiatrists are usually medical men with a degree in medicine and special training in the diagnosis and treatment of behavioural disorders. The psychiatrists usually use drugs, surgery and shock treatment in treating their patients.
The clinical psychologists, on the other hand, are trained extensively. In all aspects of psychology and special psychodynamics rather than medicine. They are highly specialized in the work of diagnosis and Psychotherapy. They are also well versed in research techniques used in understanding and treating mental disorders, such as the use of psychological tests, interviews and various psychotherapies. In short, clinical Psychologists are primarily concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of mentally ill persons.
v. Counselling Psychology:
It is rather difficult to draw a sharp dividing line between clinical psychologists and counselling psychologists. The major point of difference is that the counselling psychologists treat those individuals who have relatively minor problems of adjustment. They mainly deal with persons having emotional or personal problems that require some expert advice and guidance. Typically, they work with students in high schools, or universities, giving advice on problems of social adjustment and vocational as well as educational goals.
There are various types of counselling psychologists. Some of them are specialized in helping the people who have problems of marital adjustment; others are specialized in problems related to school, or college, or vocational selection; there are still others who are specialised in helping children’s problem or mal-adjusted industrial workers.
In short, the main task of a counselling psychologist is to understand the causes of individual’s mal-adjustment and help or guide him in reaching normal adjustment. In a way, counselling psychologists are the guardians of the mental health of the people.
vi. Educational and School Psychology:
Although educational and school psychologists are concerned with education, their activities differ considerably. The psychologists who are involved in testing and guidance of individual students are called school or college psychologists. Their main task is to help students develop better adjustment to school and college situations.
The school psychologists are well verse in psychological testing and also in helping that to overcome their several difficulties or problems such as slow speed in reading, emotional problems, lack of concentration in studying, and several other problems, which are commonly encountered in school life. School psychologists are also train vocational counselling and hence there is no clear dividing line between the work of a school counsellor and a school psychologist.
Educational psychology is closely related to school psychology, but the educational psychologists are not much concerned with the problems of individual students. Instead, they are more concerned with general psychological principles underlying the entire process of education. Their main problems are when to teach, what to teach and how to teach.
They use various important psychological processes involved in education such as learning, effective methods of teaching, training and motivating the students. In general then, we may say that the emphasis of educational psychology is to discover the principles upon which a sound and effective educational system can be based.
vii. Social Psychology:
Social psychology is interested in the ways in which interactions with other people influence attitudes and behaviour. Individuals belong to several types of groups such as family, club, community, school, friendship and so on. These groups affect our behaviour and shape our attitudes towards life, social psychology is mainly concerned with the behaviour of an individual as a member of a group.
It uses its own methods of investigating the influences that a group exerts on an individual’s behaviour. It is mainly concerned with such group phenomena as leadership, group behaviour, group dynamics, social perception, social attitudes, customs, traditions, social prejudice and social tensions like strikes, riots and wars.
Social psychology also investigates such topics as propaganda and persuasion, conformity and inter-group conflicts. Social psychologists are perhaps best known for their work on public opinion and attitude surveys.
viii. Industrial and Engineering Psychology:
Many industrial firms have a trained and specialised psychologist on their staff who is known an industrial psychologist. The main work of an industrial psychologist consists of section of a worker for a job after a very careful consideration of his intelligence, aptitudes, and personality characteristics.
Besides, industrial Psychologists are also entrusted with such tasks as training programmes for workers, training of supervisors and related personnel in leadership, improving the organizational efficiency, improvement of conditions which lead to decreased efficiency and productivity, and several other functions.
One specialization of industrial psychology is known as engineering psychology. This branch of industrial psychology is chiefly concerned with the design of the equipment and other related problems used in industry for achieving maximum efficiency and ease for the worker, who operates it. Industrial and engineering psychologists at one level serve the technological process, that is, they are concerned with human factors in industry such as personnel selection, employee morale, and the design of complex machines.
At another level, they are concerned with the larger problems of industrial civilization like environmental pollution, over-crowding and other influences, which disturb the quality of human life. A new term for this area of investigation is environmental psychology.
ix. Psychology of Personality:
This branch of psychology is primarily concerned with normal human personality. The personality psychologists Use various methods and techniques to find out the basic traits of human personality. They use devices like psychological tests, interview, and naturalistic observation and so on, for understanding the behaviour of normal people. Sometimes, when needed, even experiments are conducted under carefully controlled conditions.
Psychology of personality primarily aims at constructing theories about human behaviour that will give adequate explanation about human personality as it is revealed through an individual’s normal behaviour.
x. Psychometric Psychology:
As in all sciences, in psychology also, great emphasis is laid on measurement and quantification. Measurement and quantification help in describing the events or behaviour under study, in a most precise and objective manner. Since psychology borrows several statistical and mathematical concepts and applies them for objective understanding of behaviour, a new branch of psychology, known as psychometric psychology, has gradually emerged.
The psychometricians are mostly concerned with the development of statistical techniques for research purposes as well as construction, development, administration and scoring of psychological tests. Psychometricians supply us with tools to be used by psychologists in the applied fields such as schools, counselling, clinical and industrial psychology.
Essay # 3. Methods of Psychology :
The aim of science is to use scientific method to collect information in the form of verifiable data. Different sciences use different methods that are suitable for the investigation of their subject-matter. However, all of them have one thing in common, in the sense that, they aim at a very high objectivity in the collection of facts and precise description of the phenomena under investigation.
When discussing the methods used by psychology, we must be sure that they fulfill scientific requirements. The complexity of the subject-matter with which psychology deals is quite obvious. The behaviour of the individual is something that varies not only from person to person but also from time to time.
Such variations in behaviour, obviously, are less subject to accurate and objective observation and description than the subject-matter of many sciences like physics, chemistry, biology etc. In spite of these difficulties, psychologists, have tried to confine themselves to the requirements of objectivity, which characterize the methods of science. Like other sciences, psychology also uses several methods to study its problems.
The methods which psychology uses can be broadly classified into three categories:
(1) Experimental methods;
(2) Descriptive methods; and
(3) Statistical methods.
(1) Experimental Methods:
The experimental method is regarded as one of the most preferred and most full-proof methods because it meets the requirements of objectives. It can be used outside the laboratory as well as inside but most experimentation takes place in special laboratories chiefly because the control of conditions commonly requires special equipment.
The distinguishing feature of the experimental methods is that the experimenter can carefully control the conditions and make measurements in order to discover relationships among variables. A variables something which varies; it is a condition which can be measured.
For example, in an experiment seeking to discover the relationship between learning ability and age, both learning ability and age are variables which can have different values, learning being either slow or fast and the learner being either young or old. To the extent that learning ability changes systematically with increasing age, we can discover an orderly relationship between them.
The ability to exercise control over variables distinguishes the experimental method from other methods of observation. For example, if the experimenter seeks to discover whether learning ability depends on the amount of sleep, he can control, the amount of sleep by arranging to have several groups of subjects spend the night in the laboratory. First group might be allowed to go to sleep at 11.00 P.M., second at 1.00 A.M. and the third at 4.00 A.M.
By waking all the subjects at the same time and giving each one of them the same learning task, the experimenter can find out whether the subjects with more sleep learn the task more quickly than those with less sleep. In this experiment, the different amounts of sleep are the antecedent conditions and the learning performance is the results of these conditions.
We call the antecedent condition the independent variable because it is independent of what the subject does. The variable affected by the changes in the antecedent conditions is called the independent variable. In psychological research the dependent variable is usually some measure of the subject’s behaviour.
In performing an experiment, the experimenter manipulates the independent variable and tries to find out different effects of the manipulati6n. Another important characteristic of the experimental method is control. Since there may be several factors other than the independent variable which might influence the dependent variable, the experimenter tries to have two groups, that is, the experimental group and the control group. Supposing a scientist has discovered a chemical X, which when taken regularly for a week, in prescribed quantities, results in increase of IQ, the experimenter will employ the control group. To begin with, he will select two groups of subjects with similar IQs.
He will treat both the groups exactly in similar manner by keeping all the conditions that are like to affect the IQ, exactly identical for all the subjects in both the groups. However, he will give the drug X to one group and some harmless resembling the drug X to the other group. Now, if at the end of the experimental period, he finds significant differences in the IQ’s of the two groups, he can safely conclude that the drug X is effective in increasing the IQ’s of the people. He can come to this safe conclusion because he very well knows that the two groups were exactly alike in all conditions except one, that is, the independent variable (the drug X) was administered to one group, whereas a harmless drug was administered to another.
In experimental terminology the group in which independent variable is introduced is called the experimental group whereas, the group in which the independent variable is absent is called the control group. This technique of not letting the subjects know to which group they belong is called the single-blind technique. However, it is possible that the experimenter himself may be unconsciously and in subtle ways influenced regarding the outcome of the experiment.
The obvious way to control this effect is to keep the experimenter in the dark about which subjects are in which group. A person who never has any contact with the subjects may assist the experimenter by assigning code numbers to the subjects. The experimenter who does not know the code can conduct the experiment without knowing which subjects are in the experimental or control groups. This technique of disguising group membership from both the subjects and the experimenter is known as the double-blind technique.
Thus then, when an experiment is to be performed the scientist must be able to distinguish between which is the independent variable and which is the dependent variable and what are the relevant variables, which he must control. The experimenter’s skill lies in identifying all these variables and also in adequately controlling the relevant variables. The control is the unique feature of an experiment; the better the control of an experiment, the better and more reliable are its results.
(2) Descriptive Methods:
Descriptive methods are used both by scientists as well as non-scientists. As the name implies, this technique consists in making direct observation of various events in nature as they occur in their natural surroundings and record them as faithfully as possible.
There are three major variations of this method:
(i) Naturalistic observation;
(ii) Systematic observation; and
(iii) Case history methods.
(i) Naturalistic Observation:
Ancient Greeks first used this method and thereby laid down the ground work for various sciences. Although many new and refined methods have been developed in recent years, naturalistic observation is still used occasionally to study some events in various sciences. For example, some years ago, a group of child psychologists made a special use of this method to study the behaviour of a seven year old boy. A team of eight child psychologists carefully watched the behaviour of the boy almost round the clock, right from the time he got up till he went to sleep at night.
The behaviour was observed so carefully that it filled a volume of 435 pages. Such detailed observations are often useful in supplying us with clues for further systematic research. Similarly, observation of chimpanzees in their natural environment can give us important information about their social observation, which will help us to conduct precise laboratory investigations.
(ii) Systematic Observations:
The method of naturalistic observation discussed above is unsystematic because the observer simply and faithfully records the things as he observes them happening. However, there is a possibility that the observer may record consciously only those events which he thinks are important from the point of view of understanding the event under observation. By doing so, he may very often ignore many things that take place and keep on looking for only some that he thinks are important.
Under such conditions the observation becomes systematic and precise. In such an observation the observer may even have some rough idea about his independent, dependent and even relevant variables.
Such systematic observations may come very close to experimentation, but the observer may not have the same control over the event observed, as the experimenter has because he is observing the things as they occur in their natural course; secondly, the naturalistic observer has to wait for the event to take place, or observe it only when it takes place.
He cannot like the experimenter, produce an event as and when he wants it. In spite of these disadvantages, this method can be used where the experimental method cannot be used. The most important contribution of this method is that it provides new problems for experimentation and thus serves as an aid to experimentation.
(iii) Case History Methods:
Scientific biographies, known as case histories, are important sources of data for psychologists studying individuals. Most case histories are prepared by reconstructing the biography of a person according to remembered events and records. Reconstruction is necessary because often the person’s earlier history does not become a matter of interest until he develops some sort of problem. In such cases understanding of the past is considered to be important to understand the present behaviour.
These methods are usually used by clinical psychologists when patients come to them with some serious psychological problems. Although not all clinical problems need a thorough probe, in many cases the psychologists have to undertake a peep into the personal history of the patient to explore the possible causes of his mental disorder.
Clinical methods come very close to naturalistic observation. The only difference is that these methods are used in tracing out the possible causes of a patient’s abnormal behaviour. Clinical methods are not highly reliable because the observations are not made under controlled conditions. They lack the objectivity of the experimental method and yet they are the best available tools that can be used in the study of abnormal behaviour.
Case histories may also be based on a longitudinal study. This type of study follows an individual or a group of individuals over an extended period of time, with measurements made at periodic intervals. The case history is constructed from the actual observations made by the investigator according to our plan. The advantage of a longitudinal study is that it does not depend on the memories of those interviewed at a later date.
Survey Method:
Some problems, which are difficult to study by direct observation may be studied through the use of questionnaires or interviews. Surveys are usually undertaken to ascertain group trends in behaviour of various types. Thus, a survey may be aimed at finding out opinions of a group of people on various topics such as political opinions, food preferences, health care needs and the like. A survey to be reliable must use carefully selected questions as well as a representative sample of the group about which the findings are made.
(3) Statistical Method:
Psychology aims not only at the mere description of behaviour but also at its precise measurement wherever possible. This emphasis on psychology on quantification of its data has given rise to a number of statistical techniques for the analysis of behaviour. The use of statistical analysis has helped psychological research especially in the field of psychological testing and experimental psychology.
Essay # 4. Historical Focus of Psychology:
Even since man has been able to think, he has had a desire to understand the psychological processes by which he lives. The history of psychology has been characterized by an increasing use of the empirical method. Psychologists preferred to rely upon reliable observations rather than on verbal reports from their subjects.
However, gradually when new methods of investigation developed, many schools of psychology emerged. The most influential psychologists who revolutionized psychology are- Wilhelm Wundt, William James, Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, Max Wertheimer and Sigmund Freud.
Structuralism:
Wundt, E. B. Titchener and their followers concerned themselves primarily with the structure of consciousness and with the way that structure interacted with changes in the outside world. They started searching for mental elements into which they believed, all mental contents could be analyzed. The elements they thought must be sensation such as red, cold, sweet, or putrid. In their search for these mental elements, they used the method of introspection.
Although many valuable observations were collected by the method of introspection, this approach proved too narrow because it was limited to reports of what a person experienced. Further, it also became apparent that the mind cannot be thought of as a structure made up of elementary sensations. This disenchantment led some psychologists to give up structuralism and seek some other avenues to explain psychological events.
Functionalism:
Psychologists like William James, John Dewey and others being influenced by the Darwinian theory of evolution turned towards functionalism which lays emphasis on the total organism adjusting to its environment. Thus they sought to study the adaptive functions of behaviour and mental processes and not merely their structure.
The methods used by the functionalists were introspection and the observation of behaviour. They did not limit themselves to the description and analysis of sensory experience and of mental content like the structuralists but emphasized the total activity of the individual how he learns, how he is motivated, how he solves problems etc.
Functionalism then, was characterized by two important aspects:
(1) The study of the total behaviour and experience of an individual, and
(2) The nature of the adaptive functions.
Behaviourism:
With John B. Watson, its first and most influential advocate, discarded introspection as a method of studying-mental processes used by the structuralists and insisted that psychological experiments be restricted to the study of behaviour. In a way it can be said that Watson tried to remove psychology from inside the skull and apply it only to objectively observable behaviour. He emphasized conditioned reflexes as the elements or building ‘blocks of behaviour.
Another characteristic of behaviourism was its emphasis on learned rather than unlearned behaviour like instincts. To Watson, almost all that a man becomes is a matter of the conditioning of reflexes. One of his famous statements is that he could take almost any infant and through proper training make him into a beggar, a lawyer, or any other kind of person he desired.
Finally, behaviourism emphasized animal behaviour and held that there is no important difference between man and animals; that we can learn much about man by the study of animals particularly since animals are easier to experiment with. These characteristics of behaviourism have left their impact on modern psychology and many psychologists like B. F. Skinner came out with stimulus-response psychology.
The S.R. Psychology studies the stimuli that elicit behavioural responses, the rewards and punishments that maintain these responses, and the modifications in behaviour obtained by changing the patterns of rewards and punishments.
This type of psychology is not concerned with what goes on inside the Organism. Instead, it maintains that although the brain and the nervous system may carryon complex activities, which we cannot see, a science of psychology can be based strictly on what goes inside and what comes out, without worrying much about what goes on inside. Thus then, a theory of learning can be developed by observing how learned behaviour varies with environmental conditions.
For example, what stimulus conditions and patterns of reward and punishment lead to the fastest learning with the fewest errors are sufficient variables and we need not bother to specify the changes that learning produces in the nervous system. A strict S.R. approach does not consider the individual’s conscious experiences.
Gestalt Psychology:
In nineties, when behaviourism in the United States was displacing introspectionism, another school of thought was gaining ground in Germany. This was Gestalt psychology founded by Max Wertheimer, and his colleagues, K. Koffka and W. Kohler. Gestalt psychology was a protest against the structuralists and also against the elementarism of the behaviourists.
Gestalt psychologists held that our experiences and our behaviour are not made up by compounding simple elements. Rather, they are patterns, or organizations similar to a magnetic field in which events in one part of the field are influenced by another part of the field.
For example, a gray piece of paper is gray only in relation to its, background because on a black background it appears light and, against a white background it appears dark. Similarly, a series of dots in any orderly arrangements is perceived as a pattern and not as isolated dots. The dots are somehow organized in perception so that they are seen as a configuration.
According to them, “the whole is more than some of its parts”. Today many psychologists, in studying perception, learning, thought, and problem solving apply the principles of Gestalt psychology and seek for patterns and organisation rather than seek for additive discreteness.
Psychoanalysis:
Psychoanalysis is not a school of psychology because it originated outside the laboratory in medical practice and vet it had a considerable impact on psychology. Psychoanalysis was founded and developed in the beginning 20th century by Sigmund Freud. Unlike the ideas discussed so far, psychoanalytic concepts are not based on experimental studies and yet have a profound interest on psychological thinking.
The basic assumption of Freud’s theory is that much of man’s behaviour is determined by innate instincts that are largely unconscious. By unconscious processes Freud meant thoughts, fears and wishes of which the person is unaware but which influence his behaviour.
According to him, many forbidden or punished impulses of childhood period are repressed into the unconscious from where they influence behaviour. These unconscious impulses, Freud believed, find expression, in dreams, slips of tongue, mannerisms and symptoms of neurotic illness, as well as through such socially approved behaviour as artistic, literary, or scientific activity.
Freud contributed two important things. In the first place, he developed a method of treatment and the word psychoanalysis primarily refers to that method. At first he used hypnosis with his patients and was not impressed by its efficacy. Consequently, when he heard that a new method had been devised by a Viennese physician, Joseph Breuer, a method by which the patient was cured of his symptoms by talking about them, he tried it out and found it to be effective.
This method is called the method of free associations. The patient freely associates on his thoughts and experiences with the help of the psychiatrist who analyses the causes of his difficulty. Secondly, he constructed a theory of personality known as the Freudian or psychoanalytic theory. This theory is rather elaborate and stresses the role of motives, often hidden and repressed from the individual and society.
The structure of personality is made up of three major systems; the id, the ego, and the superego. Although each of these has its own functions, properties, components, operating principles and mechanisms, they interact so closely with one another that it is difficult to weigh their relative contribution to man’s behaviour. Behaviour is almost always the product of an interaction among these three systems.
Freud’s theory of personality, rather than his method of treatment has evoked great interest among psychologists. The theory contains many unverified assumptions but it has none the less been very valuable, because it has stimulated further systematic research.
Humanistic Psychology:
This school of thought developed from the ideas of existential philosophers (Kierkegaard, Nietzsche and Sartre) emphasizes those human qualities, which distinguish man from the animals primarily his free will and his drive towards self-actualization. The humanistic psychology rejects the concepts of man as a mechanism controlled by external forces or by unconscious instincts. They prefer to see man as an actor capable of controlling his own destiny and changing the world around him.
According to humanistic psychology an individual is free to choose and to determine his actions. Each person, therefore, is responsible for his actions and cannot blame the environment, his parents, or even circumstances for what he does. Further, an individual’s main motivational force is a tendency towards growth and self-actualization.
Every person has a basic need to develop his potential to the fullest, to progress beyond what he is now. He may not know what path to follow or he may be blocked by all sorts and environmental and cultural obstacles, nonetheless, his natural tendency is towards actualization of his potential.
The main thesis of the humanistic psychology is the individual’s subjective experience. An individual’s perceptions of himself and of the world are considered as more important for study than his actions. Humanistic psychology emerged partly as a reaction against those aspects of technological society that tend to determine man.
Neurobiological Approach:
If we wish, we can view the psychological process in neurological and physiological terms. Every time the organisms sense the world, interprets it, responds to it and feels a sense of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the results of its response, its body and its nervous system are involved. His motives may be construed in terms of physiological imbalances. This approach tries to reduce an observable behaviour and mental events, such as thoughts and emotions to neurobiological processes.
Recent discoveries have clearly demonstrated that there is an intimate relationship between the brain activity and behaviour, or experience. Emotional reactions such as fear and rage, have been produced in animals and humans by mild electrical stimulations of specific areas in the brain.
Electrical stimulation of specific areas in the human brain can produce sensations of pleasure and pain, and even vivid memories of the past events. However, because of the complexity of the brain and because live human brains are seldom available for study, there are many gaps in our knowledge regarding the neural functioning.
Since psychology is a new science, which emerged from Philosophy, and since every country in the world had its own philosophy, psychology can be said to have existed in every country. However, psychology as an objective science is of recent origin. The beginnings of scientific psychology were laid down in Europe by such stalwarts as Sir Francis Galton in England and Wilhelm Wundt in Germany. Subsequent development of objective psychology is the reflection of the work undertaken by these two founding fathers.
The growth of psychology in the form of research both from theoretical and practical angles was interrupted during the World War II. Psychological research in Germany and Austria suffered as a result of great losses of eminent psychologists who were exiled. If American psychology today stands foremost, it is because of the German immigrant psychologists who smuggled themselves into America to escape the horrors of the Nazi regime.
At that time, the German psychologists were involved in research particularly on verbal and personality areas. Some of the great German psychologists who influenced other European and American psychologists are Spranger whose Types of Men led to The Study of Values, by Allport and Vernon.
Jung’s Psychological Types gave our language extrovert and introvert Kretschmer’s Physique and Character is the early formulation of a classification which has influenced, among others Eysenck to formulate his hierarchy of personality traits such as introversion-extraversion and stability-instability. Finally, Rorschach’s psycho-diagnostics, are some of the important contributions showing the psychological trends in Germany.
Another area in which German psychology has had a unique position is perception. The Gestalt psychologist like Wertheimer, Kohler, Koffka and Lewin who went into exile exercised a far-reaching influence from 1920 till 1934. However, some of the younger generation like Metzger stayed on and produced a lot of experimental work on perception. Similarly, Von Frisch, whose work on bees had long been famous, made some observations during World War II that roused a good deal of controversy.
He claimed that the bee workers returning to the hive after discovering a new source of honey can indicate both the direction and the distance to their fellow beings by performing two types of dances—the “round” dance and the “waggle” dance. Lorenz perhaps is the most important animal psychologist whose contribution is the concept of “imprinting,” the process by which the young of a species become attached normally to their mothers.
Lorenz, and his disciples Tinbergen and Thorpe who made a special study of animal behaviour have contributed considerably to the science of psychology. Lorenz and his disciples fled to England during World War II.
In Great Britain psychology flourished under the stewardship of Bartlett whose books—Remembering and Thinking exercised great influence in the university of Cambridge. The most important figure in the development of British psychology was Craik, who died quite young as a result of road accident in 1945.
It is said that Craik was a “philosopher by training, and experimentalist by inclination, and a genius at inventing apparatus.” Some of his ideas have influenced the psychological thought both in Europe and in America. Some of the basic ideas of the science cybernetics owe their origin to him.
A second line of thought in British psychology can be traced back to Galton through Spearman, Thomson, and Sir Cyril Burt. These psychologists engaged themselves with the problem of intelligence. Spearman stated his theory of intelligence in ‘The Nature of Intelligence’ and ‘Principles of Cognition’, followed by ‘The Abilities of Man’. Thomson’s ‘The Factorial Analysis’ of Human Ability and Burt’s ‘The Factors of the Mind’ in 1940 are some of the noteworthy contributions to the theory of intelligence.
In the past 40 years, psychologists like Eysenck, Broadbent and Broad Hurst have contributed immensely by their original work. Eysenck’s output is much greater than that of any other British psychologist and ranges all the way from highly technical to popular writing. His book The Scientific Study of Personality shows his theoretical position. Much of his work has been done in a clinical setting in Maudsley Hospital in London.
In France, Pieron has been the influential figure on French psychology. He is both an empiricist and an experimentalism. Pieron has not been well understood by the English speaking world and hence his ideas on physiological and sensory areas, so also on psychophysics are also not adequately understood and hence he is poorly represented to the English speaking psychologists.
In Belgium Michotte and in Switzerland Piaget have been very influential figures. The former is a phenomenalist interested in the characteristics of immediate experience and yet he is a good experimentalist. Piaget’s work on the intellectual development of a child needs no mention since it is the best available work now.
His “The growth of logical thinking from childhood to adolescence” is the landmark in the developmental psychology. Though he wrote in French his works have been translated in English and have influenced the English speaking world. John Flavell’s book “The Developmental Psychology of Jean Piaget” summarizes Piaget’s work.
Another important psychologist in Belgium is Joseph Nuttin. His own experimentally based attack upon the Thorndikian view of the law of effect has been largely neglected in the United States. His work on the spread of effect demonstrates this attack.
Italian psychology especially at the Catholic University at Milan is more centered on experimental work. Gemelli has produced a tremendous amount of experimental work in diverse fields. Much of the psychological research in Italy is concerned with applied orientation like accident prevention and occupational activities.
Applied work in Italy at the National Institute of Psychology at Rome has been much influenced by Gemelli’s contributions and to a lesser extent by Ponzo’s contributions to aptitude testing and selection in education, industry, and vocational guidance. Some of the psychologists in Italy have been engaging in the areas of intelligence, risk-taking behaviour and perception.
In Canada, like in the United States, there is a great volume of psychological research especially in the fields of verbal learning and memory by Earhard and Earhard, Mandler, Marshall, Murdock and Murray. The second field is motivation in which research is done by Appley, Bindra and Malmo.
Berlyne’s work on learning and attention is an attempt to understand the intellectual processes in terms of the behaviourist principles. Hebb seems to have greater influence on Canadian psychology especially from physiological point of view like sensory isolation and neural organization.
In Soviet Russia psychology has been influenced by Pavlovian concepts of conditioning. Soviet psychology is greatly interested in physiological basis of behaviour and attempts to account for psychological phenomena in terms of physiological principles.
Luria’s work on brain and behaviour, Norkina’s work on the “type of highest nervous activity” Miminoshvili’s work on experimental neurosis in monkeys by overstraining the cortical excitatory processes, Vygotskii’s work on thought and language and Krushinskii’s animal behaviour are some of the important strides made in Soviet psychology.
Oriental Psychology:
In the orient psychology has been the handmaid of philosophy and as such it is difficult to separate psychological concepts from philosophical ones. In the ancient Hindu and Buddhist literature, there are various systematic approaches to human; nature and experience. A lot of psychological information is to be found in the Rig Vedas and especially in Upanishads. According to one of the Upanishads as Akhilananda, states there are four states of the mental processes like sleeping, dreaming, the waking state, and the superconscious.
The first two states which belong to the subconscious; are considered by Hindu philosophers to be important aspects of human experience. It is interesting to note that the Hindu philosophers differentiated between sleeping and dreaming.
Recent neurophysiological research by Thompson, seems to support the Hindu thinker’s distinction of the dual theory of sleep classical “slow” sleep and, “paradoxical” sleep with dreaming.
The Hindu psychologists, like the psychoanalysts, place special importance on the sub-conscious but unlike psychoanalysis, Hindu psychology does not assume sex and death urges as the basic human instincts. According to them, the basic urge is to attain eternal happiness or complete freedom from bondage.
In India, the crowning achievement of the Indian thinkers was metaphysical speculation. However, the philosophical literature of India is not only rich in metaphysics, but also in Psychology, Logic, Ethics, Aesthetics, and Epistemology. Every school of philosophy has made worthy contributions to Psychology, Logic, Ethics, and other mental sciences, but these have never been treated as a separate branch of study.
Perhaps the reason is that the Indian mind is primarily synthetic and it always analyses a problem into its various aspects without destroying its organic unity. Although in the development of Indian though we come across separate monographs on different sciences, we find them mixed up with Metaphysics.
In India, there is not a single work that is exclusively devoted to the psychological analysis of mental processes. The Indian philosophers did not believe that psychology, as understood in modern terms, could be treated as a separate discipline. Mrs. Rhys David’s book on Buddhist Psychology is indeed a monumental work but only on the psychology of the Buddhists. Indian psychology is not Empirical because it is based on metaphysics.
In the words of Jadunath Sinha, “The psychological account of some problems of perception, e.g. perception of the self, perception of the universal, etc. is unintelligible without consideration of their metaphysical foundations. So I found it extremely difficult to avoid metaphysical considerations altogether in my treatment of these topics.”
Indian psychology is based on introspection and observation unlike the psychology in the West, which is based on experiments and this is obvious because introspection is the method of philosophical enquiry.
Comparing psychology in India from Western point of view, though psychology has made great strides in the West because it is treated as an empirical science and the methods used are of experimental nature, in India psychology is in its infancy merely because it is still regarded as part of philosophy. However, modern Indian psychologists trained in psychology as an empirical science are trying to experiment upon some of the problems encountered in Indian psychology.
The greatest contribution of modern Indian psychologists, has been in the fields of social psychology and psychological testing. Several studies on communal stereotypes, social distance, regional tensions, caste tensions and attitudes have been reported in Psychological Journals in India and abroad. A study by Desouza on regional and communal stereotypes of Bombay University students, has shown that Maharashtrians have a negative image of South Indians, Muslims and business communities.
In the field of testing, several’ psychologists have devised personality inventories and intelligence and vocational tests. Bhatia’s Test of Intelligence, Kamath’s Test of Intelligence in Marathi and Shukla’s Test of Intelligence in Gujarati are some of the widely used tests.
Kundu’s Neurotic Inventory, Bhagwat’s Pre-Medicine and Pre-Engineering Aptitude Test, Bengalee’s Multiphasic Personality Scale arid many other such tests devised by research students have come into existence. Besides, several foreign tests and projective techniques have been standardized in India.
Desouza standardized the Hand Test on Indian population consisting of 3,000 subjects drawn from seven religious communities such as Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Neo-Buddhists, Jains, Parsees and Sikhs and five occupations such as manufacture, construction, trade and commerce, transport and other unlisted occupations. The norms have been copyrighted by the Western Psychological Association, Los Angeles.
A recent book, Personality Development: A Critic of Indian Studies by Kundu is based on Indian researches conducted by Indian psychologists. The book reflects contemporary trends in Psychology and Education with special reference to the area of Personality development. The book is a collection of the material consisting of 180 unpublished Ph.D. thesis and Master’s Dissertations.
Psychology in Japan:
Zen Buddhism is well known to the Western World because it was early introduced by Dr. Y. Motora of Tokyo University. According to him the essential nature of mind is a dynamic psychic potentiality into which the subject-object division melts away. Apart from the psychological aspects of Zen Buddhism, psychology in Japan has made tremendous strides in research and there are several Japanese Journals of Psychology.
Among the experimental fields, perception has attracted the attention and some of the most intensely studied areas are optical illusions, figural after effects, constancy phenomena, colour vision and binocular vision. Unfortunately, because most of the journals are published in Japanese language, their original work on perception is unknown to foreign workers.
Another area of popular research in experimental psychology is learning and memory. One of the original works on memory is concerned with the function of stimulus and response words in paired-associate learning. Some of the psychologists engaged in learning and memory follow the Gestalt theory.
In the field of animal behaviour several psychologists have followed the Pavlovian line of thought and have experimented upon such phenomena as reinforcement, resistance to extinction, discrimination learning and conditioned – avoidance response.
Now, interest in experimental psychology is marked by the interest in physiological psychology. Several psychologists are working on psychophysiological studies of sleep and wakefulness. Interest also has been shown in clinical psychology especially with children who are emotionally disturbed.
On the applied side, the psychologists are engaged in investigating such problems as school curricula, traffic safety, industrialization, physical education etc. In short, psychology in Japan has touched practically all facets of human and animal behaviour both from theoretical and applied aspects.
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In this essay we will discuss about Social Psychology. After reading this essay you will learn about: 1. Historical Background of Social Psychology 2. Definition of Social Psychology 3. Field, Scope, Aim and Problems 4. Relationship with Other Sciences 5. Applying Social Psychology 6. Status of Social Psychology in India.
- Essay on the Status of Social Psychology in India
1. Essay on the Historical Background of Social Psychology:
Social Psychology, being a branch of General Psychology, Greek philosophers like Aristotle and Plato talked a lot about this. Though social psychology did not exist then, people talked about things which came under the fold of social psychology. Particularly the problem of human nature was discussed by Aristotle and Plato in the book ‘Republic’ which maintains that man is essentially a product of the society.
So he explains human behaviour in terms of the influences of the society. According to All-port (1985) speculation about social behaviour has continued since the days of antiquity. Thomas Hobbes (1661) a political thinker and philosopher well known for his theory of social contact views that man being essentially selfish talks in terms of himself and is engaged in his selfish interest.
Thus conflict arises between man and society. On the other hand, society is there to control him even though it sprung up from the utter selfishness of the individual. Quite opposite to the view of Hobbes, Russeu a political thinker of human nature opined that man is unselfish and thinks in terms of others.
According to him conflict in the society is the result of civilization. Darwin (1859) published his famous book “Origin of Specis” with an outlook to establish the theory of evolution.
Social scientists tried to deal with the problems relating to human behaviour. From the standpoint of theory of evolution, Darwin’s theory of evolution added to Galton’s individual differences and made evolutionary concept much more prominent in the fields of social sciences.
Fransis Galton agreed to Darwin’s theory of evolution and accounted for the psychology of individual difference due to hereditary background which plays an important role in mental makeup.
Herbert Spencer talked of different stages of human behaviour from evolutional point of view. He talked of several stages in the development of human behaviour and one pattern of behaviour becomes the succession of previous one. Human beings develop behaviour which are the character of a particular stage.
Towards the end of the 19th century some sociologists in France were working upon problems which are of fundamental importance to social psychology. Gabriel Trade, one great social psychologist speaks how important is socialization in human life.
He talked a lot of law of limitation which is one of the several fundamental problems of social psychology. French sociologist LeBon did lot of work on the analysis of crowd mentality.
The study of crowd and group mind WQS then the most important subject matter of social psychology. LeBon found that there is a significant difference between the reaction of an individual in a group situation and in a lone situation. People at that time thought the individual mind different from the group mind.
The concept of group mind, crowd mind and collective mind came into existence during this period. Psychologists and sociologists thus thought social psychology can explain every human behaviour with the concept of group and collective phenomena. In the beginning of the 20th century, Durkheim also talked a good deal on the relations of individual and society.
He held that the individual has no separate existence except as a member of the society. Thus naturally the problem of relation between individual and society came to wide prominence. Field man (1985) holds that social psychology did not really emerge as a science until the very end of the 19th century.
Norman Triplett (1897) conducted the first laboratory experiment on the social facilitation to investigate how performance alone in a given task was inferior to performance in the presence of others or in a group situation.
Till this time, no book with the title of ‘Social Psychology’ was published. After 11 years the first two American Text books fully dedicated to Social Psychology were published. In 1908 E.A. Ross published his first book on Social Psychology.
In the same year ‘An Outline of Social Psychology’ authored by William McDougall was published which became very popular. McDougall who is widely known for his theory of instincts indicated in this book how a particular instinct is responsible for a particular behaviour.
Gradually towards 1912, in Germany many people began to start working upon human behaviour in lone and group situations. Experimental method got its scope in the field of social psychology as well. The behaviour of the individual in different situations were experimented and studied.
Since a number of people were doing the same experiment one had to think in terms of the other as the performance of different experimenters were to be compared.
This feeling was aroused in each and every subject working on such problems. While in a lone situation the subject may not be influenced by anybody as he thinks and works only in terms of himself, in a group situations he has to think in terms of others guided by factors relating to group behaviour.
Difference between group and lone situation was noticed by comparing the performances and output under these two situations.
Some people were working on problems like competition and rivalry and Moode (1908) is one of them. Tomes, Zanicke were also doing experimental studies on such problems of social importance because of the introduction of experimental method in social psychology.
The progress gradually became more rapid and a large number of books were published on social psychology. Many journals exclusively devoted themselves to publication of articles on social psychology.
Soon thereafter social psychology began to broaden its horizons by studying the influences of external factors on the individual with the publications of Allport’s Social Psychology in 1924. Specially F.H. All port (1924) did a lot of work by introducing the concept of social facilitation or collective mind.
Thus between 1920 to 1930 Sherif and Lewin came to lime light in the realm of social psychology with their work on the transmission of social norms and application of social psychological experimental techniques to social problems.
In the 1940s and 1950s there was an increasing orientation towards practical issues of social psychological problems like the study of prejudice, group behaviour, propaganda stereotype and attitude change.
The end of 1950 brought a turn towards more theoretical issues with a particular emphasis being placed on how people’s cognitions are affected by inconsistencies between behaviour and cognitions by the theory advanced by Leo Festinger (1957).
In 1960s thus there has a shift of interest towards ultra individual social processes and away from inter individual process. This led to a lot of research work on attribution which refers to the process by which one makes inferences regarding the causes of others behaviour. Thus in 1970s social cognition became the important area of work.
It seems that in 1980-90s social psychologists were moving backward to a problem solving orientation. Of late, social psychology is having greater influence on areas related to every ones lives so to say like medical care, law, business, arms negotiation, reduction of international tensions and cold war and many other important topics. Also theoretical researches are being done on social psychology.
According to Resemberg and Gara (1983), Oskamp (1984), both purely theoretical and applied research are seen as part of the mainstream of social psychology currently.
Experimental studies were accelerated for years together to explain the fact that group situations produce different effects in the behaviour of participating individuals. Grander Murphy published two important books named “Experimental Social Psychology” and “Minds of Men.”
Under the impact of sociological findings on groups, the experience and behaviour of the individual in actual group situations and in his culture were studied.
Emphasis was put on the emerging qualities and products in group situations. The study of structural properties typical to the group became the core of group studies. Important studies were also conducted and books written on Psychology of Ego involvement, “Concept of Frame of Reference,” Propaganda, Sociogram, Group dynamics etc.
Problems like group morale, attitude, leadership, which are so important also were investigated by that time. The intergroup and intragroup relations were also studied.
2. Essay on the Definition of Social Psychology:
Social psychology is defined by Ottoklienbrterg as the scientific study of the behaviour of the individuals as related to other individuals. These other individuals may influence the single individual or the group in a global way. Thus the behaviour of any individual is socially determined.
According of Kimballyoung (1946) “Social Psychology is the study of persons in their interaction with one another and with reference to the effects of this interplay upon the individual’s thoughts, feelings, emotions and habits.”
Kimballyoung while defining social psychology has emphasised the effect of social interaction (interaction between different individuals) on the mental process and personality development of individuals which is a very vital point.
All port has tried to approach social psychology from the angle of behaviour of individuals in their relations to other individuals and in social situations. He opines that social psychology is the study of behaviour of individuals in their relations to other individuals and in social situation.
He has emphasized on two basic factors in Social Psychology:
(i) Relationship of individuals with one another
(ii) The individual’s behaviour in social situations. Murphy says that social psychology is the study of the way in which the individual becomes a member of and functioning into social group. Kretch and Crutchfield say that social psychology is the science of behaviour of the individuals in the society. The whole individual as well as his total behaviour in a social situation is emphasised by them.
Mathur defines social psychology as the scientific study of the behaviour of an individual when he comes in contact with the other individuals or interacts with any social group or groups or is confronted with some social situation in which he participates consciously or unconsciously. Kupuswamy has opined that social psychology attempts to study the characteristics of various forms of social behaviour.
Social Psychology studies the behaviour of the individual in relation to the society or group and not the society or group itself. He defines social psychology as “the branch of knowledge which studies the relationships arising out of the interaction of individuals with each other in social situation. In brief it deals with thinking, feeling and acting of the individual in the society.”
An analysis of all these definitions would indicate that in all these definitions, study of the interaction of the individual with the society is emphasized. Briefly it can be said that social psychology is the study of psychology of the individual when confronted in a social situation. It basically deals .with social interaction which may not involve face to face contacts.
Social behaviour may also arise indirectly through the medium of symbols. Social psychology is therefore a basic social science in that it is concerned with every aspect and total behaviour of the individual in the society.
It may therefore be appropriate to define social psychology as the science of social behaviour of the individual where social behaviour indicates behaviour arising out of the interaction with the other members in the society. What is a social situation and what is a social behaviour?
A social situation includes various types of stimuli, like visual, auditory, and tactual and the attitudes, values and past experiences of the individual that colour the perceptions of these stimuli present in the society.
Thus, the stimulus may be same for all members of a group. But the reactions may vary as attitude, value, need and past experiences are unique for a particular individual and vary from person to person. Hence the social behaviour is determined by the physical stimuli present in the environment, as well as by need, past experiences, social rules and social codes, traditions and customs, cultural factors etc.
Social psychology is not only a branch of general psychology it is also considered as a basic social science by itself as it is concerned with each and every aspect of a person’s behaviour in the society. Like other scientists social psychologists currently rely heavily on the same basic methods to understand social behaviour.
Thus, the overall approach of social psychology is clearly a scientific one. Like any other science it deals with a general set of methods and techniques that can be used to study diverse topics coming under the scope of social psychology.
Social psychologists have been interested to focus most of their attention and choice upon the actions and thoughts of individuals in social situations. No doubt such behavioural actions almost always occur in a group situation, when group means more than one person with some common interest.
It may occur against a backdrop of socio cultural factors like group ‘membership, culturally shared values, norms and standards.
But the major interest of social psychologists is to understand and acquaint themselves with factors that shape, mould and direct the action of individual human beings in a wide range of social situations. They are also actively interested to know how their action, feeling, thought, attitude and learning are shaped with respect to other individuals.
Social behaviour is formed and developed by varied factors.
Important among them are:
(1) Behaviour and characteristics of other persons,
(2) Social cognition i.e., thought, attitudes and memories about persons around,
(3) Ecological variables like direct and indirect influences of the physical environment, the socio cultural context in which social behaviour occurs and different aspects of the biological nature of man relevant to social behaviour.
Biological factors which refer to inherited aspects of our physical appearance and innate capacity of the person to process social information also affect and influence key aspects of behaviour in many situations.
According to Fieldman (1985) social psychology is a dynamic evolving scientific discipline with substantial relevance to people’s lives. It is an attempt to understand and explain how the thought, feeling and behaviour of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined and implied presence of others.
3. Essay on the Field, Scope, Aim and Problems of Social Psychology :
Social psychology is a very vast area and covers wide territory. Especially in the modern age where there is always tension and cold war of some sort study of social psychology is of tremendous importance. Social psychology is a dynamic science evolving a scientific discipline with substantial relevance to the peoples’ life.
It deals with the whole of the individual. Accurate and useful information about human social relations can be readily acquired by the study of social psychology through scientific methods. Even complex aspects of social behaviour can also be undertaken in a scientific manner by social psychologists.
Social psychology comes to help the administrators and politicians in order to advise them as to the methods that should be adopted for the improvement of society and how to live successfully by removing the social tension. It directs as to how the results of physical sciences should be handled for the benefits of the individuals.
As already indicated the scope of social psychology is very wide and growing wider day by day. New techniques are developed every day and new application of old techniques are discovered. Contact with neighbouring disciplines increases constantly. Social psychologists also direct their attention to practical problems which arise at the local, national and international level.
Social psychology focusses mainly on the task of understanding the causes of social behaviour, unidentified factors that shape one’s feeling behaviour and thought in social situation. Social psychology seeks to accomplish this goal through the use of essentially scientific methods. Studies on social interaction have proved quite fruitful in this regard.
Interpretation of general psychology in the light of various social situations, the examination of the manner in which social factors enter into activities which are not usually considered social like motivation, emotional behaviour, social perception and memory etc. have also been included under the scope and field of social psychology.
The situation may be perceived differently by different persons because of the difference in socialization process, need, value and past experience.
Difference in perception produces difference in behaviour. Social psychology also involves the translation of traditional social psychological concepts like imitation, suggestion, prejudice and discrimination etc. in terms of basic psychological concepts like learning and perception, social influence on the individual social interaction between two or more individuals group processes etc.
Even when one is in a lone situation, the way he thinks, feels and acts is affected and influenced by others. The effect of others are particularly more salient when their physical presence is felt in the environment. Manifestation of achievement motivation, formation and development of attitudes, opinions and ideas are also studied under social psychology.
The socialization of the child, culture and personality is another major feature of social psychology.
The manner is which the child becomes a socialized adult under different cultural conditions, how personalities and social behaviour vary with cultural differences are very interesting topics which have attracted the attention of social anthropologists. Interaction between and among individuals have been studied in social psychology, with added importance.
When two or more people are taking, working, discussing, sharing and interacting, planning, or even fighting verbally social psychologists study them with primary interest. Further communication processes, social influences in attitude change, bargaining and negotiating, interpersonal attraction, aggressive and helping behaviour are also important in social psychology.
How attitude can be changed by advertising, how nonverbal behaviour can be used to infer emotions and how friendship, love, relationship can be developed with others, how tensions and cold war can be reduced are the responsibility of social psychologists.
Study of group processes, group dynamics and socio-metry is also of prime importance to social psychologists. Social psychologists on a larger scale study organisations, social institutions like government and legal system and physical environment to find out how people respond to these influences.
Study of individual and group differences relate to the field of differential psychology. It represents continuous interests of the social psychologists in the study of the characteristics ides of temporary national groups and the problems of national character.
Cognitive factors like attitudes and opinions, beliefs, values, influences, communication research, content analysis, propaganda etc. are studied in social psychology as they play a key role in social behaviour.
By knowing the basic cognitive processes social behaviour can be modulated and changed according to need. The growing influence of cognitive perspective has therefore been recognised by social psychologists particularly during the 1970s.
The measurement of attitudes, the use of polling devices and other survey techniques, investigations of the effects of various mass media, the study of attitude change through propaganda and other methods, the study of trends in public opinions towards T.V., cinema, family planning, dowry system, widow marriage, caste system, gender issue, women education are studied in social psychology.
Social interaction, socio-metry and leadership include interrelated group of techniques and problems which are attracting tremendous attention of social psychologists working in the area of group dynamics and national and international relations.
If the group is carefully analysed the process of interaction (action and reaction) starts from the very beginning i.e., from the moment of birth. The neonate is helpless at birth and the biological needs of the new born infant are satisfied by the society.
During this process there is integration between the infant and the members of the society. Even in the lone situations the behaviour of a person is not free from social influences.
The way he feels, thinks, acts and behaves is determined in relation to the social customs, traditions, values and norms even when he is alone. However, one can say that the social influence may be minimum in a lone situation, while it is maximum when one is in a group. Hence the difference of influence is in degree and not in kind.
The structure of the group, its morale and cohesiveness also contribute a determining influence on the individual’s behaviour. The group may be divided into a number of subgroups but these subgroups differ and the difference may have an unhealthy influence upon the group morale.
From this angle the problem of leadership should be given top priority because the leaders reflect the characteristics and functions of the subgroups. The various techniques of propaganda and change of attitudes are made in this direction.
Problems relating to international tension are also included in the scope and field of social psychology. Particularly in the modern era when the distance in the international field is narrowed down, international tension is an interesting area to analyse and understand.
Like any other tension and conflict, the root of international tension is prejudice and discrimination. Hence prejudice, stereotypes and social tension etc. are studied in social psychology with special emphasis.
Of late, there was a shift in interest towards intra individual social processes and away from inter individual processes. Thus work on attribution and social cognition and person perception has been given emphasis.
More recently, everyone is experiencing the influence of social psychology in medical care, law and business etc. some social psychologist have also shifted their interest to study on impression formation. Research on social pathology has also interested the social psychologists.
Pathological aspects of social life has been studied with the development of adequate therapeutic methods. This interest has been directed particularly to the problems of mental abnormality, delinquency and crime and of the forms of inter group hostility reflected in prejudice and discrimination and industrial conflict.
Social motivation is a very important factor. Need for prestige, status recognition, honour are vital aspects of study in social psychology.
Biological, sociological and psychological factors have entered in the realm of social psychology. That is why its field is very vast. Briefly the development of social psychology includes the application of evolutionary and hereditarian principles to society, the emphasis on the psychological characters of groups as distinct from individuals, the theory of social motivation and the reactions against it, the application of experimental methods to the problems of social psychology and the increasing realisation of the part played by society in determining the behaviour of individual.
For the last few decades, social psychology has become increasingly comparative experimental and applied. During this period a large number of studies have been done in the area of social psychology which indicates its tremendous popularity and the interest shown by the psychologists in the area of experimental social psychology. But the progress in the area of experimental social psychology is not upto the mark.
Social psychology has not been encouraged so much due to the following reasons:
(i) A lot of people consider scientific social psychology research to be unnecessary and not worth the expense,
(ii) This is because of their belief that they have been quite successful in political, economic and social field without having a scientific knowledge of social psychology,
(iii) The most important purpose of science is to understand, predict and central, but social psychology as a science has not been able to predict human behaviour in the true sense of the term because unlike physical sciences psychology deals with human beings who are dynamic in nature.
4. Essay on the Relationship of Social Psychology with Other Sciences:
(i) social psychology and sociology :.
While studying the relationship between sociology and social psychology the absence of any sharp dividing line is noticed.
Sociology deals with the society, groups and institutions, how the society and groups function, its various manners and behaviour etc. The group and society as a whole, its structure and functions is also studied in sociology.
Adequate knowledge of the structure of the society, its customs and manners etc. would help one to understand the behaviour of the individual in the society as society influences the behaviour of the individual. On the other hand social psychology studies the individual behaviour in relation to the group or society.
According to Kupuswamy sociology is the science which studies the development and principles of social organisation and generally group behaviour as distinct from the behaviour of the individuals in the group. Basically the group is its unit of study.
It studies the structure and organisation of groups. More analytically speaking, sociology is interested in the origin and development of groups, the factors leading to the continuance of a group, how a group or society imposes its own discipline on its members and demands their compliance. How and why of change of groups and social institutions are also investigated by sociologists.
On the contrary, the field and scope of social psychology is very limited. It is only concerned with the individuals, how an individual interacts with other individuals in the group/social. Society psychology studies the psychological factors involved in the formation and development of a group. This psychological factor is also of basic necessity for the formation, development and change of social institutions.
According to MacIver and Page “Both Sciences are concerned with different aspects of an indivisible reality.” Individuals cannot be understood apart from their relations with one another, the relations cannot be understood apart from their units (or terms) of the relationship.
Nevertheless a group is made up of individuals and overlapping in the scope and subject matter of sociology and social psychology is inevitable.
For example, while considering the problems of gang and gang behaviour the sociologist would be concerned with the social and economic causes of gang life, the relation of the gang to law and order, and institutions like the school and the church and the geographical distribution of gangs, their effect on the life of the community etc.
On the other hand, the social psychologist might be expected to study the nature of the individual in the gang, their intellectual and personal characteristics, the effect of the gang on the individuals constituting it, the life history of the individual members, etc.
When, however, a sociologist attempts to write a book or an article on GANG he would certainly not make any such artificial distinction and interestingly many of his findings would relate properly to the field of social psychology.
(ii) Social Psychology and Anthropology :
Anthropology is defined as the science of man, study of individuals and their cultures. Anthropology involves the biological and socio cultural aspects. It takes even a larger approach to social phenomena than sociology by focusing its attention on the universal or total population of a particular culture such as family structure. It places very little importance or emphasis on the individual.
The science of anthropology particularly ethnology bears a similar relation to social psychology. Wissler regards social psychology as concerned with individual performance in group and anthropology with group- behaviour.
The anthropologist is least interested in the function of the individual in the group. But there are occasions where the individual becomes of utmost importance to the anthropologist. Literatures and facts dealing with the life histories of members of many different cultural groups bear ample testimony to the growing interest of anthropologists in the individual and culture.
A human being not only transmits his beliefs, customs and values of social institutions to his children and descendants, he also transfers his skills to them. This is called culture. “Culture stands for the sum total of human behaviour, verbal and nonverbal and its products, material and non material.” Anthropology is interested in studying how culture influences the behaviour of an individual.
Culture has two aspects such as material and non-material. Material aspects refer to the modes of culture or modes of living, house building, tools and the objects which give a particular technique of living to different people. Non-material aspects refer to the customs, traditions, manners, taboos etc. prevalent in the society and this varies from culture to culture. A cultural anthropologist deals with such things.
Margaret Mead in “From the South Seas Patterns”. Ruth Benedict in “Patterns of Culture”, Kardinar in “The Individual and the Society”, and in “Psychological Fronters of Society” have analysed different cultures and their effects on individual’s personality and living standard.
The social psychologist studies the behaviour of the individual in a group and these people of a group come form different cultures. Whether different people of the same group come from same culture or different cultures will determine the behaviour of the individual.
Difference in behaviour is marked because of difference in cultural conditions. The behaviour of people coming from homogeneous culture ought to be different from the activities and behaviour of persons coming from heterogeneous culture and there may be conflict among the people coming from heterogeneous culture ‘ because of the difference in cultural conditions.
According to Majumdar and Madan socio-cultural anthropology studies four types of human activities:
(i) Activities leading to the satisfaction of biological and psychological needs;
(ii) Activities reading to social organisation like family, marriage, clubs and other social institutions for satisfaction to biological and psychological social motives through group behaviour;
(iii) Activities and attitudes towards the unseen presence of supernatural powers; and
(iv) Activities required for the expression of aesthetic activities of a group. No human behaviour or nature is purely biological. Different biological traits of behaviour are coloured and conditioned by the cultural training and upbringing. Approval of a particular trait demands upon the norms of the group.
While aggressiveness and competitiveness is approved in New Guinea, it is disapproved in Zuni Red Indians of New Mexico. While the ideal qualities of Mudugammers are violence and aggressiveness, in Arapest tribe the ideal and accepted qualities are mildness and responsiveness.
In the Tchembuli tribe, the woman is dominant, responsible and impersonal while the man is less responsible and emotionally dependent person says Margret Mead.
Similarly in Indian tribal groups technique of up-bring and socio cultural values influence personality traits and socialization process. The chief aim of an anthropologist is to study the patterns of culture in different parts of the universe particularly the illiterate tribal and rural groups of the world, their customs, traditions, mores, values and norms.
Culture is considered as a very important force which studies the values and mores of a person and how they determine, control and regulate the behaviour of the individual.
Though by and large a particular culture of a society determine, regulate and control individual behaviour and though the majority of the individual in any particular group are found to be of conforming type, it cannot be forgotten that some individuals bring change in the existing culture by their revolutionary and novel ideas.
While a cultural anthropologist studies the pattern of culture, social psychologist studies the way in which a particular individual of a particular group acquires the culture.
According to Kupuswamy while anthropology makes use of culture and customs as concepts to understand patterns of social organisation, it is the task of social psychology to analyse the processes underlying these concepts. An anthropologist also attempts to determine how customs are found and transmitted from generation to generation.
Data collected by both anthropologists and social psychologist is of tremendous value in classifying many psychological problems. Psychologists have become more and more culture conscious and they are found using the data of anthropologists.
Gradually they are familiarizing themselves more and more with anthropological research and are insisting on its growing need to separate the accidental from the universal in human nature.
In some cases psychologists and psychoanalysts have applied their theories and techniques to the understanding of ethnological phenomena. Similarly in other cases, ethnologists have borrowed from psychology those modes of interpretation which they have found most useful.
It is observed that application of psychological techniques to the comparative study of culture is increasing day by day. Psychologists and anthropologists have cooperated in this development in some instances combining their techniques and points of view in carrying joint research undertakings.
Although overlapping is observed among social psychology, sociology and anthropology, the major focus of interest and the approach to problems differ among these fields. The major focus of social psychologist has been individual psychological process and their social integration with others while sociologists and anthropologists focus on the larger groups to which people belong.
According to Linton “The individual has been assigned to psychology, society to sociology and culture to cultural anthropology. The integration between individual, society and culture is so close and their interaction is so continuous that the investigator who tries to work with any of these disciplines without reference to the other two soon comes to a dead end.”
Social psychology is also related to social sciences like economics and politics in some way or other. The individual may have some effimination to certain political parties, it may have some view about a particular economic problem. Therefore particular problems which are related to the individual in the society are also related to social psychology.
5. Essay on the Method of Applying Social Psychology :
Though of late a lot of work has been done on experimental social psychology, social psychology nevertheless begins and ends in the laboratory. Basic research in social psychology naturally leads to application. Almost as soon as the field was established, social psychologists were found rightly showing interest in the application aspect.
Many social psychologist devote their primary professional efforts to solving societal problems. Social psychology is very helpful in providing data relevant to issues as diverse as the improvement of day care for children and evaluation of affirmative action policies.
It is thus seen that the job of the social psychologist is besides establishing principles of social behaviour to apply these principles and theories in social situations for understanding a specific behaviour.
An applied social psychologist not only analyses but also diagnoses and advises on various social problems. When social psychology is shifted from academics and carried to occupations and applied setting, increasing emphasis on applied activity is visualized.
Many of the modern social psychologists are currently working in hospitals, government offices, business organisations and other semi-academic and non- academic institutions to assess, control and predict human behaviour under different settings and solve social problems.
In view of the period bias attached to social psychology today Rodin (1985) has defined social psychology as the utilisation of social psychological principles and research methods in real world settings in the attempt to solve social problem.
(i) Role of social psychology in legal system,
(ii) Health psychology,
(iii) Psychology in work setting i.e. organisational behaviour,
(iv) Consumer behaviour.
(i) Role of Social Psychology in Legal System:
In a society, there is enough scope for interaction and when people interact their behaviour and judgement etc. are affected by various factors like attitudes, emotions, beliefs and cognitions. In the court room or in the legal system these attitudes and beliefs affect the participants like the judges and jury, pleaders, attorney, dependants and witnesses in a major way.
Huge Munsterberg started investing the accuracy in the statements of eye witnesses at the turn of the century.
On the basis of his observations, pointed out that people have by and large a tendency to reconstruct events in ways that do not match what actually occurred. He opined that emotions strongly affect the memories of witnesses as a result of which accounts of what occurred or happened were very often greatly distorted or transformed by fear, anxiety and anger etc.
Recently there was an effort to increase the accuracy of the testimonies of eye witnesses.
Munsterberg devises a physiological instrument to detect lying and also investigated the application of the technique of hypnosis as means to bring accuracy in the testimony of the witnesses. Both lie detection and hypnosis are the centre of current research efforts in this field.
Munsterberg further believed that not only witnesses but also judges and juries were subject to the effects of suggestibility and persuasion. Thus applied research on the legal system provides convincing evidence that psychological factors influence witnesses, jurors and defendants, attorneys and judges according to Baren and Byrne (1988).
(ii) Health Psychology:
It refers to the social psychological aspects of health care. Gundola (1985) views that some personality variables predispose a person having certain illnesses. Increase in physical fitness leads to an improvement in psychological characteristics such as creativity. Thus according to Rogers (1983) health psychology studies the psychological processes that affect the prevention and treatment of physical illness.
Prevention being always better than cure, preventing illness is always desirable than treating illness. Kirscht (1983) holds that any health programme must deal with individual differences in the willingness to follow medical advice. Analysis of the problem led to the development of health belief model. It means that an individual’s beliefs about health and threat of illness are used to predict his health related behaviour.
Weinstein (1904) noted that college students hold unrealistically optimistic beliefs about their health risks. These findings may lead one to hold lack of knowledge on the part of the students which is not actually correct. Rudy and Salovey (1984) further say that the problem lies not in having the information but in applying it to oneself.
(iii) Work Setting:
This refers to organisational behaviour. It seeks to know, understand and predict human behaviour in original work situation or environment through scientific study of individuals and groups as well as the structure and function of such organisations.
By the following factors one can achieve job satisfaction and assess its effects on production as well as on the employees:
(a) Selection of the right employee can ensure full job satisfaction and productivity. The employee and the job must fit with each other.
(b) To make jobs more interesting and stimulating variety, novelty and change can be introduced to routined task.
(c) Flexible time schedules i.e. freedom in deciding when to work leads to decrease in absenteeism and hence more and better performance.
(d) Organisational commitment on the part of the employees should be ensured.
(e) Meetings of employees should be called voluntarily once in a week to discuss problems on the job and to suggest solutions also may improve the quality and quantity of productions and overall psychological condition of the employees.
According to Marks (1986), Koch (1982) the relationship between job satisfaction and one’s personal life is fairly direct. Those who are happily married like their jobs better than do those who are single. Thus it seems reasonable to expect that satisfaction or dissatisfaction involving either one’s work or one’s home life would obviously have an effect on the other.
(iv) Consumer Behaviour:
The behaviour of the individual in advertising, product information packaging, brand names and all other factors involved in marketing products and services come under applied social psychology. Consumer psychology is that field which deals with the factors affecting consumer behaviour.
All these discussions lead one to conclude that application of social psychology to organisational and consumer behaviour is of crucial importance in every aspect of one’s life. It would really be difficult to conceive any human behaviour where the findings of social psychology would be inapplicable and irrelevant.
The science of social psychology as an applied science contributes a lot in dealing with the problems of national and international tension, communal and social prejudice, discrimination and conflicts relating to socio-economic status in uncovering the relevant causes of these problems in specific situations.
The concrete details of various problems of social psychology are to be known for applying social psychology to the concrete situation. For all these work, careful research on applied social psychology is essential.
The various problems of social psychology change from time to time and from culture to culture and even to some extent in the same culture depending upon the parental and neighbourhood social values built up for long years. How particular intercultural and interpersonal problems influence various social problems are also studied by applied social psychologists.
However, it is reasonable to hold that the findings of social psychological research with certain exceptions can be widely generalizable and potentially useful to all human beings of the society provided they have an applied bias. Only formulating theories and principles on social psychology is not enough.
6. Essay on the Status of Social Psychology in India:
Scientific studies, researches and investigations elevate the status and scope of a subject. In view of this, social psychology holds a lower status in India compared to its western counterparts. Psychological researches in India started around the first part of the twentieth century when Calcutta University started its first psychological laboratory in 1915.
During these eighty years though certain research works have been carried out by Indian social psychologists they are not enough to give even a moderate status to social psychology. Even if some have shown initial interest in the research work on social psychology, no continuity has been maintained. In most of the cases the works have been left half way, incomplete, unfinished due to various reasons.
However, it cannot be denied that in the post independent period there has been a great rise in the research work on social psychology. While between 1950-1960 the total number of research papers published in India in the area of social psychology come to 96,306 papers were published during the period 1960-1970. Besides these published works, many unpublished research works have also been conducted.
The Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) has undoubtedly helped immensely in accelerating the interest of Indian psychologists to conduct research in the area of social psychology by providing funds and sponsoring schemes.
Research studies have been conducted in the area of attitude, stereotype, culture and personality pattern, family structure and socialization process, effect of socioeconomic structure on aspiration and achievements, marriage, cross cultural comparisons, social tension, caste, sex and religious prejudices among children and adults of various religious and socioeconomic groups, social change and factors influencing the resistance to social change, psycho linguistics, public opinion and communication process, cognitive consonance, rumour, social life of tribals.
Several scales have also been constructed for use in social psychology research. Attempts have been made to develop innovative methods etc. Studies on inter-group and inter-caste tensions have also been carried out by some.
India being a country where people of innumerable castes, languages and religions reside, there is enough scope for varied studies in social psychology, particularly on inter-caste, inter-religion and different linguistic groups. But unfortunately the researches conducted are not quite encouraging and meaningful as they have not been of much help in reducing the social problems and social burden of Indian democracy.
Of course, several huddles and difficulties have obstructed the speedy growth of research in social psychology and India. Illiteracy, poor socio-economic condition of people of the disadvantaged class, lack of initiative on the part of the common people to cooperate heartily with research are some of the important obstacles.
Thus, by and large, the psychological climate is not favourable for such research. People look towards the researchers with suspicion who go to collect data with suspicion because of lack of proper education. Enough research facilities are not available in many colleges and universities of the country.
Want of funds and sponsoring authorities for conduction of research are some basic handicaps also. India being a developing country, education for all has still become a dream than a reality. Though we are approaching 21st century primary education is not provided to all school going children due to financial and other constraints.
When people are not able to fulfil their minimum needs, provision for funds for research has not been and cannot be given top priority.
Inspite of the above handicaps, the Indian social psychologists have taken tremendous trouble to improve the standard of research during the last several decades. In the mean time, attempts have been made to conduct highly sophisticated research in the area of social psychology.
The basic deficiency in the research of Indian social psychologists appears to lie in its lack of applicability. Unless social psychologist researches indicate the utility and applicability of their findings no one can afford and encourage the luxury of researches without any application and utility. Thus the approach and orientation towards social psychology, researches should be shifted from theory to practice.
The above review of the status of social psychology in India makes it amply clear that though social psychology was neglected branch of psychology in India before 1960, after 1960 it got the special attention of the Indian social psychologists. With the establishment of the various university centres and institutes in India, research in social psychology has been speeded up after 1960.
The Indian Council of Social Science Research New Delhi, The A.N.S. Institute of Social Studies, Patna, The Institute of Psychological Researches, Patna University, The Centre for Social Assistance in Psychology Allahabad, University, Centre for Advanced Studies in Psychology, Utkal University, The N.K.C. Institute of Special Sciences Bhubaneswar, Orissa, the P.G. Deptts. of various universities of the country have stimulated a number of valuable and original research in social psychology.
Leading Indian social psychologists like Durganand Sinha, R. Rath, H.C. Ganguly, A.K. Singh, Adinarayan, Anant, Aslhan, J.C. Dasgupta, Kupuswamy, V. Jhosi, Bhusan Bhattacharya, V.K. Kolhurkar, C.K. Bose, A.K.P. Sinha, Majumdar, G.B. Mohanty, S.C. Panchbhai, V. Pareekh and many others have enriched the field of social psychology in India inspite of lack of research facilities.
These psychologists should be credited for their constant and continuous research interest in various areas of social psychology mostly due to their own initiative.
Currently many brilliant and young social psychologists posted at various universities and Institutes of the country have shown active interest in social psychology research. Many of them are also engaged in the research on applied and experimental social psychology.
But unfortunately journals in social psychology are not adequate to publish their research findings. Unless the research findings get adequate scope for publication, it would not be possible for other psychologists working in the same area to benefit from each other. Further large number of conferences should be conducted every year for discussion, analysis and review etc.
If the difficulties and bottle-necks discussed above can be removed to some extent the status of social psychology can be elevated to be comparable with its western counterparts with systematic and concerted efforts.
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Psychology Extended Essay Guide: Definition, Rubric, And Topics
by Antony W
July 18, 2022
This is the complete guide on Psychology Extended Essay for the IB students. Whether you’re currently determining what subjects to work on or you’ve already made up your mind that you want to focus on psychology, you’ll find this guide quite helpful.
The guide covers everything you need to know about the topic. In particular, you’ll learn:
- What psychology extended essay is
- How to choose psychology EE topics
- The best psychology EE topic examples
- How to write the extended essay and
- Psychology extended essay assessment criteria
Let’s get started.
What’s Psychology Extended Essay?
The IB EE Guide defines the subject as the examination of interaction of sociocultural, biological, and cognitive influences on human behavior and experiences.
As an IB student, you should have a solid understanding of what falls within this subject when developing a topic to investigate.
The aims of writing an Extended Essay in IB Psychology is to demonstrate that you can conduct independent research on a given topic and develop the skills necessary for creative and critical thinking.
When your examiners look at the EE, they should instantly see a systematic process of research relevant to the subject and your expression of intellectual discoveries.
What’s the Role of Psychology Extended Essay?
An extended essay in psychology is a project that gives you the chance to research a topic of personal interest within the discipline of psychology, which may extend beyond the Diploma Program.
Students who choose Psychology actively investigate a research issue that will enhance their analytical and communication abilities, as well as their comprehension of behavior.
An extended essay in this filed should introduce you to the pleasure of intellectual discovery as you study the “systematic of behavior and experience."
When developing your topic, you should have a comprehensive comprehension of what fits under the realm of psychology.
To be clear, psychology covers the study of both human and nonhuman animal behavior. It has its own terminology, techniques, and literature.
For you to complete an extended essay in psychology, you must have a solid grasp of the subject and its techniques. Psychology is not a "residual" category for extended essay topics that do not fit into any other area.
You must therefore select themes that lend themselves to psychological inquiry and analysis, and you must carefully evaluate the assessment criteria while selecting a topic.
Get IB Psychology Extended Essay Writing Help
Feeling stuck with you IB Psychology Extended Essay and don’t know where to start?
Or maybe you already have a topic to explore but you don’t have enough time to do research and get the work completed?
Don’t worry because, with our IB Extended Essay Writing Service , you can get the work completed in time. Our guarantee is that we help you to earn good grades by delivering well-researched essays on time. Place your order with us today and let us help you get the work done. Or keep reading below to learn how to write the essay in your free time.
How You Should Treat the Psychology Extended Essay Topics
A psychology extended essay requires you to examine a subject of personal interest in a systematic manner. You have to structure the assignment around a focused research topic, which you should strives to address throughout document.
You need to view the essay as an investigative and analytical argument than as a research hypothesis to be discovered through a formal psychological investigation employing research methodologies.
Data collection and research techniques, such as experiments, surveys, observations, and case studies, are unsuitable for an extended essay in psychology. So you shouldn’t include them in the essay.
You should examine your own personal interests as a starting point for the essay writing process. That’s because experiences demonstrate that personal interest plays a significant influence in the success of an essay.
After picking a topic of interest, you can reduce the scope of their essay and research question by considering subfields within that field.
Psychology Extended Essay Topic Examples
The following are examples of the best Psychology Extended Essay topics. These are just ideas, so use them as guidance to develop or come up with your own topic to investigate.
- What do you believe is the most prevalent cause of eating disorders and food indifference among adolescents?
- How do you see borderline personality disorder and how is it treated?
- Schizophrenia is an illness that requires considerable care. How do you describe it?
- Dreams are the most discussed topic in the world. What do you think about it?
- Attention-seeking disorder should be treated with a great deal of care and sensitivity from the beginning. What do you think about it?
- The dilemma of mankind has always been gender norms or gender prejudice.
- Child abuse and child labor are on the rise as global concerns. How can we alter it?
- How do you feel about prenatal development and its management?
- The parenting style has a significant impact on the behavior of children. What are your opinions on the subject?
- Aging is one of the most widely acknowledged facts of life How do you characterize this phenomena from a psychological standpoint?
- Divorce between parents has a significant impact on children's mental health. How should this be prevented?
- What are your opinions on the rising video game addiction among children?
Remember that a good extended essay topic in Psychology is the one that’s clear, concise, and can fit within the scope of the extended essay requirements.
IB Psychology Extended Essay Outline
Now that you have completed your research, it’s time to take the information you have gathered and put it together into a comprehensive Extended Essay for the IB Psychology.
Your EE should have three parts: the introduction, the body, and the conclusion. Here’s how to develop each section.
The Introduction
The opening statement of an Extended Essay is huge, so you should give it your best. Your goal with this section of your EE is to establish and explain your argument. It helps to include relevant background information as this goes a long way to make your argument sensible. Define complex words for clarity. And make sure this section isn’t more than two paragraphs long.
Once you have ensured that your introduction has established a strong argument and can easily grab the attention of your reader, start working on the body section. The body should be at least 6 paragraphs. As it is with argumentative essays , each paragraph of your IB Psychology Extended Essay should:
Present a unique idea or argument.
Start with a topic sentence, which is a summary of the main idea that you will be discussing in that paragraph.
Include an example with an explanation on how relevant the example is to your argument.
End with a closing link (or sentence) that introduces the reader to the next consecutive paragraph.
The purpose of a topic sentence in IB Psychology Extended Essay is to introduce and explain the point you intend to make in a paragraph.
A good topic sentence should be clear, concise, and have a strong link to the argument you presented in the introduction. In addition to building on the points you made in a previous paragraph, the topic sentence should also give a clear summary of your argument.
The conclusion of your IB Psychology Extended Essay is as important as other sections of the essay. So you should equally spend enough time writing it. The conclusion to your IB Psychology EE should naturally link to the introduction and summarize the significant points that you’ve made throughout the essay.
As with the conclusion on any given argumentative essay topic, the conclusion of your IB Psychology EE should not merely reflect a re-write if your main ideas. Instead, you should restate the ideas using different terms and phrases to retain the meaning without sounding too repetitive. Furthermore, the conclusion must never introduce a new idea to the article as this could easily distract your readers.
How to Write a Psychology Extended Essay
To write a comprehensive extended essay in psychology:
Read and understand the IB’s EE handbook and, if your teacher issues additional instructions, make sure you follow them.
Choose a preliminary topic and a tentative research question for your extended essay in Psychology. Some questions to ask yourself when choosing the topic to work on include:
- Why is my topic and research issue significant to me personally?
- Is there a particular discussion, book, or other source that can assist me in narrowing my focus or choosing my topic and the research question?
- What do I perceive to be the greatest obstacle as I begin this process? How do I handle this difficulty?
We recommend that you consult your supervisor, so they can provide input about the suitability of your ideas for project.
Start your research early. Begin your research with Google Scholar, JYKDOK library, and EBSCO Academic Search Elite.
As you write you write your essay, your focus should be on developing your case by citing pertinent concepts, theories, and studies from academic psychology research publications and scholarly literature.
- Do NOT make any claims that you can’ back by evidence from psychological theories or investigations.
- Provide a well-balanced argument in answer to your research topic.
- In addition to describing your sources, analyze them in light of your research topic.
- It is OK to modify your essay's topic and research question as you write. Your sources may yield novel insights.
- Always pay attention to the EE evaluation criteria as you work on your subject
Consult with your EE supervisor for first reflection. Your supervisor will provide prompt comments on your progress. In addition, the instructor will advise you on your initial reflection.
Psychology Extended Essay Assessment Criteria
The following is the assessment criteria used by IB to evaluate psychology extended essays:
Criterion A: Focus and Method
The key to writing an essay with concentration is a targeted research subject. Although there are several extremely good questions, inferior essays in the psychology subject tend to have difficult questions.
Keep in mind that each component of the essay must directly address the research topic. Be careful to make sure that you don’t spend an excessive amount of time explaining concepts and theories before answering the topic directly with relevant research.
Criterion: Knowledge and Understanding
Stronger essays define essential concepts and present research pertinent to the study. On the other hand, weaker essays often employ language without explaining its relevance to the study or subject.
For instance, claiming that a research showed minimal instrument bias without providing a detailed explanation for why this is the case can cost you valuable marks.
You need to make sure your essay doesn’t have inaccuracies in the usage of words such as external and internal validity and the identification of research techniques.
Criterion C: Critical Reasoning
When writing a psychology extended essay, you must discuss, analyze, and evaluate the significant studies that you cite. Your work can’t be merely descriptive. In other words, you can’t just offer a list of various studies, frequently without a connection to the study issue.
Instead, your essay should include evidence against or for the thesis and then demonstrate why your main argument is stronger.
Criterion D: Presentation
Despite the fact that citation is something that teacher directly examine, you need to make sure your Psychology extended essay has clear citation.
Do not use footnotes for anything other than citations, since it frequently interferes with the reading of the essay.
The key to effective presentation is understandable text. Spacing is an issue in several writings. You must either indent your paragraphs or leave a blank line between them. The last mistake you want to make as far as presentation is concerned is hindering the readability of your extended essay.
Criterion E: Engagement (Or the EE Reflection)
Strong remarks illustrate your research journey and development as a researcher. These reflections elucidate your capacity to identify problems, adopt necessary modifications, and demonstrate their reflexivity throughout the research and writing process.
Weak extended essay reflections detail meetings with the supervisor, reiterated the essay's results, or described the students' passion for their topic.
Choosing a single area of your research journey to describe and analyze in each reflection is preferable than attempting to cover all aspects of their investigation.
Revising Your IB Psychology Extended Essay
Ending with a strong conclusion doesn’t make your essay complete. You have to edit the assignment thoroughly to make sure it meets the assessment standards of IB EE .
Start by looking at the obvious grammatical errors that could make your IB Psychology EE to mean something other than what you intended. Sometimes your eyes may not notice minor spelling and grammatical errors. That’s why it’s important to use a tool such as Grammarly or Hemmingway App for assistance.
The next in your revision is to ask yourself the “so what?” question. This is where you ask yourself whether your essay communicates the intended message very well so that when your audience asks questions, the essay provides the answers that they need – and in an instant.
The most important questions to ask when trying to answer the “so what” factor are as follows:
Does this essay provide the information that my audience should care about in the first place?
Do the ideas addressed in my IB Psychology Extended Essay add to what others already know about the essay?
As yourself these two questions and you can be sure to make your essay greater than what it currently is.
Advice for IB Students Taking Psychology Extended Essay
Some of the most intriguing, engaging, and successful psychology extended essays don’t always focuses on the course material.
Typically, essays constrained by the guidance provide detailed, emotionless descriptions of classic psychological research. Supervisors do not require in-depth understanding of the student's topic; this is a less relevant component in topic selection than resource availability, student engagement, and essay length.
Generally, "pop psychology" or "self-help"-related topics are inappropriate for the extended essay. Psychology, as stated in the definition, is a systematic study.
In an effort to comprehend behavior and experience, psychologists undertake research studies and construct theories.
Extended essays in psychology must feature support by meticulous and appropriate citation of relevant psychological theories and/or studies. This suggests that academic and psychological research publications and books are the finest resources.
The IB Psychology Extended Essay focuses on an in-depth investigation of an area within the field of psychology. While it’s on a subject presented in the IB EE prompt, your teacher may also allow you to explore a topic of your interest.
This subject gives you the opportunity to explore research questions that can not only promote your understanding of behavior but also develop your research, writing, creative, and intellectual discovery skills.
In this lesson, you will learn everything about the IB Physics EE, from what it is to writing a comprehensive Extended Essay on the subject. Let’s get started.
About the author
Antony W is a professional writer and coach at Help for Assessment. He spends countless hours every day researching and writing great content filled with expert advice on how to write engaging essays, research papers, and assignments.
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Creating Essay About Psychology
Table of Contents
Writing a psychology essay is a very responsible and time-consuming process because psychology is a vast and complex field of study. Therefore, students who study this subject often face various tasks that take time and effort.
Essay psychology has distinct differences from other types of articles and is a more extensive and time-consuming field of study. Despite this, writing such essays is a stimulating activity during which the student can learn more information and express their opinion on the topic.
Suppose you are a student who has received an assignment to write a psychology essay. In that case, you can read the manual and use the tips or contact our service for help, where experienced specialists will help you complete your paper perfectly.
Tips for Writing a Psychology Essay
To write a successful essay, you first need to choose a suitable topic that you will be interested in researching and stick to the structure. If you are a student who needs to write a psychology essay and you do not know where to start, you can use our tips to simplify this process:
- First of all, it is essential to familiarize yourself with the requirements for your article in detail, understand them and prepare a draft. Many students ignore this critical point and have many problems writing essays.
- Decide on an essay topic. You must understand that the topic you choose should be interesting and relevant. In addition, you should know that you must conduct research in this area, so this item must be approached responsibly.
- Write a thesis for your psychology essay. The view is one of the essential parts of the article. In it, you must convey the entire text’s main idea.
- After you have written the thesis, it is essential to decide on the structure. In a psychology essay, it is necessary to adhere to the system, which should include an introduction, body, and conclusions. Almost all articles have this structure; thanks to it, the reader can easily understand the text and what you want to say.
- When writing an introduction, you should try to state the main idea of your essay and interest the reader so much that he wants to read the central part. The introduction to the essay plays an important role, so before writing it, you need to think carefully about what you want to hook the reader.
- In the central part of the essay, you should talk in detail about the topic, reveal the meaning, convey to readers the study and share your opinion.
- The conclusion should be kept short and not stretched over many paragraphs. Here you need to talk about your findings on the topic and summarize the results of the investigation.
Each student should understand that an essay in psychology requires a detailed study of the topic. Therefore, you need to collect all the information and evaluate and talk about your opinion, giving a lot of arguments.
If psychology is not your core subject, it may be pretty tricky for you to write an essay . In this case, you can seek help from our service, and experienced specialists will help you make a successful article that the professor will rate for the highest score.
Essay on Psychology Structure
Psychology studies take a lot of time and effort because all topics are complex and quite extensive, especially for students who do not have psychology as their main subject. When you were given the assignment to write a psychology essay in college, you must remember to write a successful article. It is essential to stick to the structure. The standard essay structure looks like this:
- Introduction
- Conclusion.
If you follow this structure when writing your psychology essay, you will be able to convey your thoughts better and become more understandable to the reader. Thanks to the introduction, you will be able to interest the audience and get the essay’s main idea. In the central part, tell information on the topic and your opinion, and in conclusion, summarize all thoughts and draw your conclusions. You can also add or remove paragraphs depending on the information on your topic.
Good Topics for an Essay on Psychology
Choosing a topic for a psychology essay is a very responsible and time-consuming process. First, you need to pay attention to what will be interesting for you to explore, then think about what is currently relevant and exciting to readers. We have prepared a list of the most exciting psychology topics from which you can choose the most suitable:
- Causes and signs of depression
- Causes of insomnia
- How does depression affect a person’s life?
- What causes psychological problems in teenagers?
- How does aging affect mental health?
- Does stress affect the human body?
- What is bipolar disorder and its symptoms?
- How does violent play affect children?
- How to avoid depression in a child after divorce from parents?
- Abortion: impact on women’s psychological health
- How does rape in adolescence affect later life?
- Relationships between children and parents
- Love relationships between teenagers
- How to raise a psychologically healthy and happy child?
- Causes of depression in homeless people
- Postpartum depression: causes and effects on the child
- Psychological disorders and marriage
- How to properly communicate with a teenager so as not to disturb his psyche?
- Rehabilitation after abortion
- Why do bad boys like good girls?
It is important to remember how to write a successful psychology essay. First, you must choose a narrow research area and decide on a relevant topic. Then, do not forget that a full-fledged analysis should be carried out on your chosen topic because the simple information collection is too little for an article on a subject like psychology.
Suppose you have decided on a topic, but for some reason, you understand that you won’t be able to write a successful essay. In that case, you can ask for help from our service, and professionals who have been working with similar tasks for many years will help you write an article and do it efficiently and for the short term.
How do you write a psychological essay?
To write a psychology essay, you need to decide on the topic of the study, collect as much information as possible, and stick to the structure. The structure should consist of an introduction, a central part, and a conclusion, in which you need to summarize and draw your conclusions.
How do you end a psychology essay?
Essay psychology should end with a paragraph with conclusions. Then, after you have described the details of the study in the central part, in the end, you need to write the results and express your opinion regarding the problem you analyzed.
What is a thesis statement in psychology?
The thesis in the essay psychology is the main idea the author will describe in his article. Therefore, the theory plays a vital role in the text because it helps the reader understand the research concept and includes the essay’s main idea.
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How to write a Psychology essay
Info: 1310 words (5 pages) Study Guide Published: 13th May 2020
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The organisation and process of writing the psychology essay is essentially the same as any other requiring careful planning, comprehensive research, research analysis, and secondary research and analysis before you begin your writing. Once your topic is well researched you can begin outlining and then writing the actual essay. After you write, follow-up steps include review and editing .
How the psychology essay is different than others
Psychology essays are more likely to query your understanding of a specific reaction or situation your instructor is emphasising; for example the role genetics play when combined with environmental issues related to the two hit theory of schizophrenia by assigning an essay on the neurological antecedents associated with schizophrenia. Psychological essays are also more likely to ask for your interpretation and opinion in addition to citing literature and relating its applicability to the topic than mathematics or physics essays.
The first paragraph of your essay is an important one. You need to get your reader’s attention and drawn them into the topic you’re writing about. Use of statistics related to a problem, such as the number of people with learning disabilities, the number of people diagnosed with schizophrenia, etc. can help focus the reader and add a sense of urgency.
1. Plan your strategy
Pre-planning begins with carefully reading your assignment. Don’t make the mistake of quickly glancing at the topic, picking out key words and going from there. For example, if your assignment is to write an essay on the neurological antecedents associated with schizophrenia don’t just focus on schizophrenia and antecedents or you may end up writing an essay that is not focused and targeted to your assignment. This is also the time to plan your method of attacking the essay; how much time will you need for research, how much time to write the paper, etc.
2. Research and analysis
University library based academic databases are a great start for researching your topic. Most universities have access to such academic psychology databases as PSYCHNET or PSYCInfo. Following your library based research, accessing the internet can provide you with a great wealth of information through such academically based websites as http://scholar.google.com or http://www.allpsych.com . Both of these provide access to professionally written articles and/or abstracts published in peer reviewed psychology or related professional journals. The internet is also a great source for researching through access to professional association websites that have special sections on their website for publications and/or links to other respective websites of interest with information to offer.
Highlighting pertinent sections or phrases in the actual journal articles you retrieve will make referencing easier during the writing phase. You are more likely to recall information you’ve keyed into with your highlighted when it comes to organising your essay. Additionally, you will have the information readily available with the appropriate reference.
3. Outlining – is it necessary?
If you are a prolific writer, you may decide to skip this phase. However, for the college essay, preparing an outline serves as a method of organising your work and creating a roadmap. It also assures you stay focused on your topic. Careful preparation of the outline will assure all areas related to the topic are covered properly, keeping like information together. The outline also makes it easier to fill in the rest of the essay as your idea generation essentially takes place for each paragraph as you prepare your outline. As a result, all you have to do in the next step is access your references and fill in more detail on the points you’ve outlined.
4. Writing the paper
As stated above, an outline helps speed the actual writing of the essay. However, for those that have not prepared an outline, the essay flow is important. Typically, the following sections are used with or without appropriate subheadings.
- Introduction This section will contain attention-grabbing facts, figures and will present the background to the problem including what the focus of the essay is, why the approach is unique, etc. You need to stress your rationale for writing the essay. For example, studying depression in adoptive parents – the symptoms are the same as presented for post-partum depression in birth mothers but little is known or written about the phenomenon.
- Research question Once you state your topic area, your research questions should follow. In a literature review type essay or one based on qualitative research, only research questions are asked. For quantitative studies, a research hypothesis is stated.
- Literature review The reviewed literature should provide insight into the topic or research question(s) asked through evidencing what is stated in current academic literature. A recap of the literature cited in the form of a critical analysis should follow your presentation.
- Conclusion The conclusion should recap what you’ve presented and leave the reader without any additional follow-up questions. If there is still a question in the reader’s mind, or you’ve left them seeking something more from your essay, you’ve not properly concluded the work. Adding words such as “In conclusion….” is an effective way to draw the reader into your concluding remarks.
Most psychology essays are requested in APA format developed by the American Psychological Association. Other common formats are Harvard. Make sure you pay proper attention to the formatting requested by your instructor as many educators will deduct points if the format requested is not followed. An ‘A’ essay will suddenly become a B or C depending on the number of formatting infractions.
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5. Proofread and Edit
Even the best writer must proofread their essay. If you are using a computer, it is recommended that you use an up-to-date spell check set for your language, such as UK English rather than US English which will also checks for grammatical errors. Re-read your essay again after your spell check to assure that you’ve said what it is you really want to say. Don’t write just to fill word count requirements. Make each word meaningful.
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Psychology essay structure. 577 Psychology Essay Topics & Examples 2022-11-04
It is a complex and controversial issue whether or not Quebec should separate from Canada. There are valid arguments on both sides of the debate.
One argument in favor of Quebec separating from Canada is the desire for greater autonomy and self-determination. Quebec has a distinct culture and history that is different from the rest of Canada, and some believe that the province would be better able to preserve and promote this culture if it were independent. Additionally, proponents of separation argue that Quebec would be able to make its own decisions about issues such as immigration, language, and education, rather than having these decisions made at the federal level.
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Ultimately, the decision of whether or not Quebec should separate from Canada is a complex and difficult one, and it is up to the people of Quebec to decide what is best for their future. It is important for all sides of the debate to consider the potential consequences of separation and to engage in respectful dialogue as they make this important decision.
How to Write Psychology Essay Guide
On the contrary, the field and scope of social psychology is very limited. It іs similar to an argumentative essay in which the writer presents an argument but does not usе any evidence tо support thе argument. Cognitive factors like attitudes and opinions, beliefs, values, influences, communication research, content analysis, propaganda etc. Make each word meaningful. No doubt such behavioural actions almost always occur in a group situation, when group means more than one person with some common interest. What is a social situation and what is a social behaviour? In the court room or in the legal system these attitudes and beliefs affect the participants like the judges and jury, pleaders, attorney, dependants and witnesses in a major way.
Free Psychology Essay Examples for University
Need for prestige, status recognition, honour are vital aspects of study in social psychology. By the following factors one can achieve job satisfaction and assess its effects on production as well as on the employees: a Selection of the right employee can ensure full job satisfaction and productivity. The essay is nоt thе place to tell your opinion or thoughts. As already indicated the scope of social psychology is very wide and growing wider day by day. You can also choose any other area, as a psychology degree allows you to choose from among different options when planning your future career, but educational psychology is especially interesting, and it targets a broad audience. However, it is reasonable to hold that the findings of social psychological research with certain exceptions can be widely generalizable and potentially useful to all human beings of the society provided they have an applied bias. Society psychology studies the psychological factors involved in the formation and development of a group.
How to Write a Psychology Essay
Thus work on attribution and social cognition and person perception has been given emphasis. Of late, there was a shift in interest towards intra individual social processes and away from inter individual processes. And did you know that you can apply the things you learn from our psychology essay guide to other papers? New York: Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy. Psychology Essay: Tips On Writing an Introduction The introduction is the first paragraph of your paper, and its significance is huge. Finally, do nоt write too much on аny single topic. LeBon found that there is a significant difference between the reaction of an individual in a group situation and in a lone situation. This view of the mind as a collection of faculties or abilities was influential in the development of psychology and is still reflected in some modern theories of mental function.
Learn How to Write a Psychology Essay on Trust My Paper
They should invest a lot of time and effort into researching so they don't have any difficulty organizing and structuring information in their research topic. Finally, you should avoid using any facts unless you have verified them. In most cases teachers assign the topic to college students. According to a systematic review of RCTs testing the effectiveness of available treatments for EDs, CBT has consistently been shown to be the most effective treatment for BN, but few randomised controlled trials RCTs have been conducted with AN, and none have been conducted with ARFID Hay, 2013. He currently teaches at a middle school in the town of West Egg, New York. In some cases psychologists and psychoanalysts have applied their theories and techniques to the understanding of ethnological phenomena.
How To Write AQA Psychology Essays for 16 Marker Questions
Organizations often take on the personalities of their leaders. When writing a psychology essay, you must remember that the reader will not be able to follow your thoughts. It also includes checking for spelling and grammar mistakes. He has been teaching for 5 years, and has worked in a number of different positions. This type of behaviour cause stress, frustration and aggression that is not good for the students or the teachers health. Non-material aspects refer to the customs, traditions, manners, taboos etc. Currently many brilliant and young social psychologists posted at various universities and Institutes of the country have shown active interest in social psychology research.
Write Your Psychology Essay: Basic Rules and Structure
Projection occurs when we attribute our own shorting, and faults to others. Show more Identify the subject of the essay and define the key terms. Notify me of new posts by email. The introduction, main body and conclusion should all be linked. After going over the conclusion, your reader should not be left with multiple unanswered questions. It is an attempt to understand and explain how the thought, feeling and behaviour of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined and implied presence of others.
Essay Writing Guide for Psychology Students
Choose relevant points only, ones that most reveal the theme or help to make a convincing and interesting argument. More recently, everyone is experiencing the influence of social psychology in medical care, law and business etc. Also, you might like to suggest what future research may need to be conducted and why read the discussion section of journal articles for this. The following are examples of ways in which you can score AO3 skills. If researching, rephrase it to avoid plagiarism. In classroom there are so many different personalities and characters that one must understand personality so as not to discourage the students because they are different. Get Help With Your Essay If you need assistance with writing your essay, our professional Essay Writing Service is here to help! As a general rule make sure there is at least one citation i.
Free Psychology Essay Examples and Topic Ideas on GraduateWay
Those on the waiting list showed no change in symptoms, while about half of those receiving either form of treatment showed a reduced symptomology to within one standardised deviation of a community sample. General Essay Tips 1. On the basis of his observations, pointed out that people have by and large a tendency to reconstruct events in ways that do not match what actually occurred. However, FPT showed better recovery after 12-month follow-up and CBT-E resulted in faster weight gain and improved ED psychopathology. We suggest reading materials published in reputable journals and online education magazines and choosing topics that are the most discussed. Eysencks big five are: Neuroticism-Emotional Stability, Introversion-Extraversion, Openness-Convergence, Agreeableness-Antagonism and Conscientiousness-Undirectedness.
The Structure Of Personality Psychology Essay
Kretch and Crutchfield say that social psychology is the science of behaviour of the individuals in the society. Reaction formation occur when we express an unacceptable impulse by transforming it into its opposite. Essay On Psychology: Structure Guidelines Whatever essay type you need to write, a standard or core structure should be used in your writing. Different biological traits of behaviour are coloured and conditioned by the cultural training and upbringing. Similarly in Indian tribal groups technique of up-bring and socio cultural values influence personality traits and socialization process. Eating disorders: recognition and treatment.
Your work should be original and creative. The concept of group mind, crowd mind and collective mind came into existence during this period. Essay on the Status of Social Psychology in India: Scientific studies, researches and investigations elevate the status and scope of a subject. Does the theory or study being discussed judge other cultures by Western standards? If research is biased towards men or women it does not provide a clear view of the behavior that has been studied. Good Psychology Essay Topics Selecting the winning topic is extremely important because it allows you to maintain proper focus and comply with your professor's instructions. When writing a psychology essay, it is important to choose a topic that you are interested in and have some knowledge about. If you can answer what's asked and required of you, you can start writing a draft.
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Questions our customers ask
Can someone write my paper for me.
Yes, we can. We have writers ready to cope with papers of any complexity. Just contact our specialists and let us help you.
Who can I pay to write a paper for me?
We will help you select a writer according to your needs. As soon as you hire our specialist, you’ll see a significant improvement in your grades.
Can I pay someone to write a paper for me?
Yes, you can. We have lots of professionals to choose from. We employ only well-qualified experts with vast experience in academic paper writing.
What website will write a paper for me?
WritePaperFor.me is the website you need. We offer a wide range of services to cover all your needs. Just place an order and provide instructions, and we will write a perfect paper for you.
Is it safe to use your paper writing service?
Our service is completely safe and anonymous. We don’t keep your personal and payment details and use the latest encryption systems to protect you.
What are you waiting for?
You are a couple of clicks away from tranquility at an affordable price!
- Will you write my paper for me? - Yes, we will.
What we offer:, let’s write a paper for you in no time, follow these 4 simple steps and solve you problem at once.
Provide details such as your topic, the number of pages, and extra requirements, and we’ll do a paper for you in no time!
Log in to your personal account to know the current status of your paper(s). You can also turn to our support team for the same purpose. Enjoy your life while we're working on your order.
As soon as we write the paper(s) for you, check it for correctness, and if everything is good to go, just download it and enjoy the results.
Our customers’ feedback
Still hesitant just look: others have already used our services and were pleased with the results.
Thank you guys for the amazing work! I got an A, and my professor was impressed. You have done the impossible, and I will never forget your help! The best service ever!
I ordered my paper two weeks ago and received it on time. The quality is very good, much better than other companies provide. My support agent is a pro, fast and simple explanations. Thanks!
I am firmly convinced that you will never disappoint me because you haven’t done it before. Amazing approaches and solutions at perfect prices! Please continue working the way you do!
I’ve been using WritePaperFor.me for about five months, and I have nothing to complain about. Excellent quality, perfect grammar, delivery on time, nice support team, pleasant prices, amazing results.
This service helped me focus on my job, and I will never forget the support I received. I’ve got a promotion in the end! Thanks a lot for everything you do for people like me!
I have to admit that searching for a reliable and professional service was a tough quest. Nevertheless, I am happy that I managed to find writepaperforme! Everything is much better than I expected!
The best bargain is just a few clicks away!
Get an original paper that doesn’t cost a fortune!
- 450 orders completed daily
- 86 disciplines of expertise
- 820+ professionals on our team
- 4.88/5 is the average order rating
Still have questions?
Contact our support agents and let them help you!
Is it time to write a paper for you? Contact us and relish the highest academic performance!
Our professionals will do their best!
You’ll write my paper for me, won’t you? We certainly will!
So tired of writing papers that you’re starting to think of your professor’s demise? Relax, we’re only joking! However, even a joke is woven with the thread of truth, and the truth is that endless assignments are constantly nagging at you and keeping you up all night long.
‘Writing my papers is unbearable!’ you may think But you’re not alone… What if we told you that we know a magical place where professionals can write your essays so perfectly that even professors’ most sophisticated requirements will be met? You’ve probably already guessed that we’re talking about WritePaperFor.me — the most delightful, facilitating, and destressing custom paper-writing service!
We are not going to be shy about our wish to see you as our steady customer. As a result, we aren’t twiddling our thumbs but permanently improving our services; we carefully select writers who always bone up on their subjects and disciplines, and we won’t rest unless you’ve gotten your ideal paper(s). All your wishes become our unshakable rules!
Why would I ask you to write paper for me?
Despite the obvious and even natural resistance to the idea of paper writing in principle that may occur with any student, you may also ask yourself, ‘Why would I need you to help me write my paper?’ The answer to this question lies in the spectrum of your routine actions. It’s not surprising that studying becomes part of our lives, but sometimes we’ve just got too much going on!
When you write an essay or academic paper, you just do one of the numerous things you face daily or weekly. This part of your life consumes lots of energy and time, so how can you possibly get around to doing other things like having fun, working, playing sports, helping relatives, and spending time with friends?
People are social creatures, and it’s only natural of us to request help from experts.. That’s why we ask doctors, electricians, or plumbers to help us! They’re all specialists. Who writes essays for you better than you do? Right, people who write numerous essays every day. We are experts in academic writing, aimed at satisfying all your needs related to education.
You just hire a professional to get a paper written, like you normally do in other situations. Our team of writers know everything about writing your paper and can cope with assignments of any complexity and academic level. Well-researched and expertly-written papers are what we do for our customers, and we always do our work professionally so that you could kick back and enjoy your life to the fullest.
The undeniable benefits of our custom paper-writing service
Apart from a paper written in accordance with the highest standards, we provide a wide range of contributory advantages to make your life easier. Let’s take a closer look at them.
Round-the-Clock Support. Our paper-writing service works day and night to help you with all current issues. Our friendly support team is available whenever you need them, even if it’s the middle of the night. They will gladly guide you and answer all your questions on how to order customized papers or consult you about the matters at hand. Feel free to share your questions or concerns with them and get comprehensible answers.
High-Class Quality. ‘Will you write a paper for me that meets all requirements?’ This question is frequently asked by many students, and we always answer in the affirmative. Our main goal is to deliver a perfectly written paper the meets the highest possible writing standards. We don’t rest unless you are satisfied with our work. If you hire a paper writer online, we guarantee you that you get 100% original and plagiarism-free assignments of high quality.
Complete Anonymity. We value your privacy and use modern encryption systems to protect you online. We don’t collect any personal or payment details and provide all our customers with 100% anonymity. ‘Can you write a paper for me and let me stay anonymous?’ Of course, we can! We are here to help you, not to cause problems.
Fast Delivery. We completely understand how strict deadlines may be when it comes to writing your paper. Even if your paper is due tomorrow morning, you can always rely on us. Our writers meet all set deadlines unequivocally. This rule is ironclad! The offered range is wide and starts from 6 hours to 2 weeks. Which one to choose is totally up to you. On our part, we guarantee that our writers will deliver your order on time.
Free Revisions. Our mission is to hone your paper to perfection. That’s why we offer you free revisions to make everything ideal and according to your needs. Feel free to ask for revisions if there is something you would like to be changed. That’s how our paper writing service works.
Money-Back Guarantee. You can get up to a 100% refund if you are dissatisfied with our work. Nevertheless, we are completely sure of our writers’ professionalism and credibility that offer you hard-core loyalty to our guarantees.
Comprehensible Explanations. ‘Can someone write my paper for me and provide clarifications?’ This question arises from time to time. Naturally, we want you to be totally prepared for the upcoming battle with your professor. If you need to fill the gaps in your knowledge, you can always ask for clarifications related to your paper. Moreover, when you order ‘write my paper for me’ service, you can always turn to our support agents for assistance. They will be glad to provide you with the necessary information and comprehensible explanations.
Fast and Customer-Focused Solutions. ‘Is it possible to do my paper for me so that I don’t worry about it at all?’ It certainly is! We offer all-encompassing solutions to all your academic problems by defining issues, determining their causes, selecting proper alternatives, and ultimately solving them. You are free to do your favorite activities while we are taking care of ongoing matters. You can always rely on us when it comes to essay-writing online and taking an individual approach to every case.
Who will write my paper when I order it?
Another crucial advantage of our service is our writers. You may have asked yourself, ‘I’d like to pay someone to write a paper for me, but who exactly will that person be?’ Once you order a paper, our managers will choose the best writer based on your requirements. You’ll get a writer who is a true expert in the relevant subject, and a perfect fit is certain to be found due to our thorough procedure of selecting.
Every applicant passes a complex procedure of tests to become one of our permanent writers. First of all, they should provide their credentials. We need to make sure that any prospective writers we hire have the proper experience.. The next step resides in passing a series of tests related to grammar, in addition to subject and/or discipline. Every paper-writer must pass them to prove their competency and their selected field of expertise.
One more step includes writing a sample to prove the ability to research and write consistently. Moreover, we always set our heart on hiring only devoted writers. When you ask us to write your essay or other academic works, you can be sure that they always do their best to provide you with well-structured and properly-written papers of high quality.
The final chord is related to special aspects of academic paper-writing. It means that every writer is prepared to cite properly, use different styles, and so on, so you don’t have to be worried about formatting at all.
‘So, can they write an ideal paper for me?’ We answer in the affirmative because we select only the best writers for our customers. Approximately 11% of all applicants can pass the whole set of tests and are ready to help you. All writers are fully compensated for their work and are highly motivated to provide you with the best results.
We are online 24/7 so that you could monitor the process of paper-writing and contact us whenever necessary. Don’t forget that your satisfaction is our priority. Our writers fully focus on your order when it comes to the ‘write my paper’ procedure. Our managers will immediately send all the information to your writer if any corrections are required.
It’s time to write my paper! What should I do?
‘I am ready to pay to have a paper written! Where do I start?’ Our team hears these words every day. We really believe that every student should be happy. That’s why we offer you to look at the simple steps to make the process even more convenient.
- Fill in the comprehensible order form located on the main page of our website. If you need some help with it, feel free to contact our support team.
- Provide the necessary details, such as the topic, subject or discipline, paper format, your academic level, etc.
- Select the deadline, and we will strictly follow it.
- Pay the total price. Submit a preferred payment method. The full sum will be deposited into your account on our website. The money will be transferred to your writer in case you approve the paper.
- If you have additional materials provided by your professor or may simply assist in writing your paper, please attach them too. They will help the assigned writer meet your professor’s expectations.
Every paper we can write for you is expertly-researched, well-structured, and consistent. Take a look at some types of papers we can help you with:
- Dissertations
- Research papers
- Case studies
- Term papers
- Business plans, etc.
Questions like ‘I would like you to write a paper for me without destroying my reputation. Can you promise to do so?’ or ‘Can you write my paper for me cheap and fast?’ often arise, and we take pride that these options are included in the list. Your safety and anonymity are parts of our common priority, which is to make you fully satisfied with all offered services.
Moreover, our pricing policy is flexible and allows you to select the options that totally suit your needs at affordable prices. You will be pleased with the results and the amount of money spent on your order. Our managers and writers will do the rest according to the highest standards.
Don’t hesitate and hire a writer to work on your paper now!
We believe that students know what is best for them, and if you suppose that it is time to ‘write my paper right now,’ we will help you handle it. ‘Will you do my paper without any hesitation?’ Of course, we will. Our service has all the necessary prerequisites to complete assignments regardless of their difficulty, academic level, or the number of pages. We choose a writer who has vast experience and a breadth of knowledge related to your topic.
Our ‘write my paper for me’ service offers a wide range of extra features to make the ordering process even more pleasant and convenient. Unlike lots of other services, we provide formatting, bibliography, amendments, and a title page for free.
‘When you write my paper for me? Can I monitor the process?’ Naturally, you can. We understand that you may want to ensure that everything is going well. Furthermore, there may be situations when some corrections are needed. We believe that a tool like this can come in handy. The assigned writer will strictly follow your and your professor’s requirements to make sure that your paper is perfect.
‘Is it possible to write my essay from scratch?’ We don’t do just proofreading or editing. Our goal is to fully carry your burden of writing. When this or similar questions appear, we always assure our customers that our writers can do whatever they need. Apart from writing from scratch or editing and proofreading, our experts can effortlessly cope with problem-solving of all kinds;even sophisticated software assignments!
Our ‘write my paper for me’ service is good for everyone who wants to delegate paper-writing to professionals and save precious time that can be spent differently and in a more practical way. We want you to be happy by offering the great opportunity to forget about endless and boring assignments once and forever. You won’t miss anything if your papers become the concern of our professional writers.
Don’t waste your precious time browsing other services. We provide you with everything you need while you are enjoying yourself by doing things you really enjoy. ‘Write my paper then! Do my paper for me right now!’ If you are ready to exclaim these words with delight, we welcome you to our haven, a place where students spend their time serenely and never worry about papers! It’s your turn to have fun, whereas our mission is to provide you with the best papers delivered on time!
Questions our customers ask
Can someone write my paper for me.
Yes, we can. We have writers ready to cope with papers of any complexity. Just contact our specialists and let us help you.
Who can I pay to write a paper for me?
We will help you select a writer according to your needs. As soon as you hire our specialist, you’ll see a significant improvement in your grades.
Can I pay someone to write a paper for me?
Yes, you can. We have lots of professionals to choose from. We employ only well-qualified experts with vast experience in academic paper writing.
What website will write a paper for me?
WritePaperFor.me is the website you need. We offer a wide range of services to cover all your needs. Just place an order and provide instructions, and we will write a perfect paper for you.
Is it safe to use your paper writing service?
Our service is completely safe and anonymous. We don’t keep your personal and payment details and use the latest encryption systems to protect you.
What are you waiting for?
You are a couple of clicks away from tranquility at an affordable price!
- Will you write my paper for me? - Yes, we will.
What we offer:, let’s write a paper for you in no time, follow these 4 simple steps and solve you problem at once.
Provide details such as your topic, the number of pages, and extra requirements, and we’ll do a paper for you in no time!
Log in to your personal account to know the current status of your paper(s). You can also turn to our support team for the same purpose. Enjoy your life while we're working on your order.
As soon as we write the paper(s) for you, check it for correctness, and if everything is good to go, just download it and enjoy the results.
Our customers’ feedback
Still hesitant just look: others have already used our services and were pleased with the results.
Thank you guys for the amazing work! I got an A, and my professor was impressed. You have done the impossible, and I will never forget your help! The best service ever!
I ordered my paper two weeks ago and received it on time. The quality is very good, much better than other companies provide. My support agent is a pro, fast and simple explanations. Thanks!
I am firmly convinced that you will never disappoint me because you haven’t done it before. Amazing approaches and solutions at perfect prices! Please continue working the way you do!
I’ve been using WritePaperFor.me for about five months, and I have nothing to complain about. Excellent quality, perfect grammar, delivery on time, nice support team, pleasant prices, amazing results.
This service helped me focus on my job, and I will never forget the support I received. I’ve got a promotion in the end! Thanks a lot for everything you do for people like me!
I have to admit that searching for a reliable and professional service was a tough quest. Nevertheless, I am happy that I managed to find writepaperforme! Everything is much better than I expected!
The best bargain is just a few clicks away!
Get an original paper that doesn’t cost a fortune!
- 450 orders completed daily
- 86 disciplines of expertise
- 820+ professionals on our team
- 4.88/5 is the average order rating
Still have questions?
Contact our support agents and let them help you!
Is it time to write a paper for you? Contact us and relish the highest academic performance!
Our professionals will do their best!
You’ll write my paper for me, won’t you? We certainly will!
So tired of writing papers that you’re starting to think of your professor’s demise? Relax, we’re only joking! However, even a joke is woven with the thread of truth, and the truth is that endless assignments are constantly nagging at you and keeping you up all night long.
‘Writing my papers is unbearable!’ you may think But you’re not alone… What if we told you that we know a magical place where professionals can write your essays so perfectly that even professors’ most sophisticated requirements will be met? You’ve probably already guessed that we’re talking about WritePaperFor.me — the most delightful, facilitating, and destressing custom paper-writing service!
We are not going to be shy about our wish to see you as our steady customer. As a result, we aren’t twiddling our thumbs but permanently improving our services; we carefully select writers who always bone up on their subjects and disciplines, and we won’t rest unless you’ve gotten your ideal paper(s). All your wishes become our unshakable rules!
Why would I ask you to write paper for me?
Despite the obvious and even natural resistance to the idea of paper writing in principle that may occur with any student, you may also ask yourself, ‘Why would I need you to help me write my paper?’ The answer to this question lies in the spectrum of your routine actions. It’s not surprising that studying becomes part of our lives, but sometimes we’ve just got too much going on!
When you write an essay or academic paper, you just do one of the numerous things you face daily or weekly. This part of your life consumes lots of energy and time, so how can you possibly get around to doing other things like having fun, working, playing sports, helping relatives, and spending time with friends?
People are social creatures, and it’s only natural of us to request help from experts.. That’s why we ask doctors, electricians, or plumbers to help us! They’re all specialists. Who writes essays for you better than you do? Right, people who write numerous essays every day. We are experts in academic writing, aimed at satisfying all your needs related to education.
You just hire a professional to get a paper written, like you normally do in other situations. Our team of writers know everything about writing your paper and can cope with assignments of any complexity and academic level. Well-researched and expertly-written papers are what we do for our customers, and we always do our work professionally so that you could kick back and enjoy your life to the fullest.
The undeniable benefits of our custom paper-writing service
Apart from a paper written in accordance with the highest standards, we provide a wide range of contributory advantages to make your life easier. Let’s take a closer look at them.
Round-the-Clock Support. Our paper-writing service works day and night to help you with all current issues. Our friendly support team is available whenever you need them, even if it’s the middle of the night. They will gladly guide you and answer all your questions on how to order customized papers or consult you about the matters at hand. Feel free to share your questions or concerns with them and get comprehensible answers.
High-Class Quality. ‘Will you write a paper for me that meets all requirements?’ This question is frequently asked by many students, and we always answer in the affirmative. Our main goal is to deliver a perfectly written paper the meets the highest possible writing standards. We don’t rest unless you are satisfied with our work. If you hire a paper writer online, we guarantee you that you get 100% original and plagiarism-free assignments of high quality.
Complete Anonymity. We value your privacy and use modern encryption systems to protect you online. We don’t collect any personal or payment details and provide all our customers with 100% anonymity. ‘Can you write a paper for me and let me stay anonymous?’ Of course, we can! We are here to help you, not to cause problems.
Fast Delivery. We completely understand how strict deadlines may be when it comes to writing your paper. Even if your paper is due tomorrow morning, you can always rely on us. Our writers meet all set deadlines unequivocally. This rule is ironclad! The offered range is wide and starts from 6 hours to 2 weeks. Which one to choose is totally up to you. On our part, we guarantee that our writers will deliver your order on time.
Free Revisions. Our mission is to hone your paper to perfection. That’s why we offer you free revisions to make everything ideal and according to your needs. Feel free to ask for revisions if there is something you would like to be changed. That’s how our paper writing service works.
Money-Back Guarantee. You can get up to a 100% refund if you are dissatisfied with our work. Nevertheless, we are completely sure of our writers’ professionalism and credibility that offer you hard-core loyalty to our guarantees.
Comprehensible Explanations. ‘Can someone write my paper for me and provide clarifications?’ This question arises from time to time. Naturally, we want you to be totally prepared for the upcoming battle with your professor. If you need to fill the gaps in your knowledge, you can always ask for clarifications related to your paper. Moreover, when you order ‘write my paper for me’ service, you can always turn to our support agents for assistance. They will be glad to provide you with the necessary information and comprehensible explanations.
Fast and Customer-Focused Solutions. ‘Is it possible to do my paper for me so that I don’t worry about it at all?’ It certainly is! We offer all-encompassing solutions to all your academic problems by defining issues, determining their causes, selecting proper alternatives, and ultimately solving them. You are free to do your favorite activities while we are taking care of ongoing matters. You can always rely on us when it comes to essay-writing online and taking an individual approach to every case.
Who will write my paper when I order it?
Another crucial advantage of our service is our writers. You may have asked yourself, ‘I’d like to pay someone to write a paper for me, but who exactly will that person be?’ Once you order a paper, our managers will choose the best writer based on your requirements. You’ll get a writer who is a true expert in the relevant subject, and a perfect fit is certain to be found due to our thorough procedure of selecting.
Every applicant passes a complex procedure of tests to become one of our permanent writers. First of all, they should provide their credentials. We need to make sure that any prospective writers we hire have the proper experience.. The next step resides in passing a series of tests related to grammar, in addition to subject and/or discipline. Every paper-writer must pass them to prove their competency and their selected field of expertise.
One more step includes writing a sample to prove the ability to research and write consistently. Moreover, we always set our heart on hiring only devoted writers. When you ask us to write your essay or other academic works, you can be sure that they always do their best to provide you with well-structured and properly-written papers of high quality.
The final chord is related to special aspects of academic paper-writing. It means that every writer is prepared to cite properly, use different styles, and so on, so you don’t have to be worried about formatting at all.
‘So, can they write an ideal paper for me?’ We answer in the affirmative because we select only the best writers for our customers. Approximately 11% of all applicants can pass the whole set of tests and are ready to help you. All writers are fully compensated for their work and are highly motivated to provide you with the best results.
We are online 24/7 so that you could monitor the process of paper-writing and contact us whenever necessary. Don’t forget that your satisfaction is our priority. Our writers fully focus on your order when it comes to the ‘write my paper’ procedure. Our managers will immediately send all the information to your writer if any corrections are required.
It’s time to write my paper! What should I do?
‘I am ready to pay to have a paper written! Where do I start?’ Our team hears these words every day. We really believe that every student should be happy. That’s why we offer you to look at the simple steps to make the process even more convenient.
- Fill in the comprehensible order form located on the main page of our website. If you need some help with it, feel free to contact our support team.
- Provide the necessary details, such as the topic, subject or discipline, paper format, your academic level, etc.
- Select the deadline, and we will strictly follow it.
- Pay the total price. Submit a preferred payment method. The full sum will be deposited into your account on our website. The money will be transferred to your writer in case you approve the paper.
- If you have additional materials provided by your professor or may simply assist in writing your paper, please attach them too. They will help the assigned writer meet your professor’s expectations.
Every paper we can write for you is expertly-researched, well-structured, and consistent. Take a look at some types of papers we can help you with:
- Dissertations
- Research papers
- Case studies
- Term papers
- Business plans, etc.
Questions like ‘I would like you to write a paper for me without destroying my reputation. Can you promise to do so?’ or ‘Can you write my paper for me cheap and fast?’ often arise, and we take pride that these options are included in the list. Your safety and anonymity are parts of our common priority, which is to make you fully satisfied with all offered services.
Moreover, our pricing policy is flexible and allows you to select the options that totally suit your needs at affordable prices. You will be pleased with the results and the amount of money spent on your order. Our managers and writers will do the rest according to the highest standards.
Don’t hesitate and hire a writer to work on your paper now!
We believe that students know what is best for them, and if you suppose that it is time to ‘write my paper right now,’ we will help you handle it. ‘Will you do my paper without any hesitation?’ Of course, we will. Our service has all the necessary prerequisites to complete assignments regardless of their difficulty, academic level, or the number of pages. We choose a writer who has vast experience and a breadth of knowledge related to your topic.
Our ‘write my paper for me’ service offers a wide range of extra features to make the ordering process even more pleasant and convenient. Unlike lots of other services, we provide formatting, bibliography, amendments, and a title page for free.
‘When you write my paper for me? Can I monitor the process?’ Naturally, you can. We understand that you may want to ensure that everything is going well. Furthermore, there may be situations when some corrections are needed. We believe that a tool like this can come in handy. The assigned writer will strictly follow your and your professor’s requirements to make sure that your paper is perfect.
‘Is it possible to write my essay from scratch?’ We don’t do just proofreading or editing. Our goal is to fully carry your burden of writing. When this or similar questions appear, we always assure our customers that our writers can do whatever they need. Apart from writing from scratch or editing and proofreading, our experts can effortlessly cope with problem-solving of all kinds;even sophisticated software assignments!
Our ‘write my paper for me’ service is good for everyone who wants to delegate paper-writing to professionals and save precious time that can be spent differently and in a more practical way. We want you to be happy by offering the great opportunity to forget about endless and boring assignments once and forever. You won’t miss anything if your papers become the concern of our professional writers.
Don’t waste your precious time browsing other services. We provide you with everything you need while you are enjoying yourself by doing things you really enjoy. ‘Write my paper then! Do my paper for me right now!’ If you are ready to exclaim these words with delight, we welcome you to our haven, a place where students spend their time serenely and never worry about papers! It’s your turn to have fun, whereas our mission is to provide you with the best papers delivered on time!
Questions our customers ask
Can someone write my paper for me.
Yes, we can. We have writers ready to cope with papers of any complexity. Just contact our specialists and let us help you.
Who can I pay to write a paper for me?
We will help you select a writer according to your needs. As soon as you hire our specialist, you’ll see a significant improvement in your grades.
Can I pay someone to write a paper for me?
Yes, you can. We have lots of professionals to choose from. We employ only well-qualified experts with vast experience in academic paper writing.
What website will write a paper for me?
WritePaperFor.me is the website you need. We offer a wide range of services to cover all your needs. Just place an order and provide instructions, and we will write a perfect paper for you.
Is it safe to use your paper writing service?
Our service is completely safe and anonymous. We don’t keep your personal and payment details and use the latest encryption systems to protect you.
What are you waiting for?
You are a couple of clicks away from tranquility at an affordable price!
IqEssay experts provide help with assignments of all academic levels and disciplines.
Ordering process
The order process starts with the form, where you need to specify the type of assignment, academic level, and deadline. Please fill out form as more detailed and accurate as you can.
If we need more details about the work you need, we will contact you shortly
At this step, you can check the correctness of your order information, apply discount code, check the final price and proceed to pay.
Once you pay the invoice, we send your order to the relevant and experienced writer to start the process of writing
When the deadline comes, you will receive the completed assignment in your mailbox and to the personal account as well.
Check and review the paper you get and if you have any question - let us know, we appreciate any feedback you give us
our services
- Custom Essay (any type)
- Business Plan
- Literature Review
- Research Paper
- Admission Essay
- Multiple Choice Questions
- Research Proposal
- Annotated Bibliography
- Presentation or Speech
- Article Review
- Creative Writing
- Reflective Writing
- Thesis / Dissertation
- Book / Movie Review
- Critical Thinking / Review
- Editing and proofreading
Thanks a lot! This is what I really needed. I completely forgot about my essay and remembered about it before the deadline. My author turned out to be a true professional with good punctuality.
His work deserves only the best words! At first, I was worried about the result, as I had never ordered an essay before, but the writer returned my essay a day before the deadline. I read it but did not find any mistakes or inaccuracies. The quality is just amazing, I'm happy.
I always thought that online writing services are scammers who paraphrase other people's papers from the Internet. My friend persuaded me to place an order here, and it exceeded all my expectations. My author is a true professional with good experience!
I am happy because he prepared an amazing term paper for me. I received praise from my professor. And most importantly, I was able to work and earn money for my family. This service has become real salvation!
I am a procrastinator and always regret it. But now I know that there is someone who will help me. Their papers are of high quality, free from plagiarism, and any errors. This is what can be called professionalism.
If they ask me if I am ready to recommend this author, I will answer without a doubt: Yes! This is the best experience of my life. We have become true friends. The writer is always in touch, offers new creative ideas in order to make the paper even better.
Main Information About The Service
Our service consists of a group of experts in the field of academic writing, editing, and proofreading. We have been working for more than 6 years, and the majority of clients become our loyal friends. We provide students with writing help of any type, no matter what problem they have. Our goal is to ease your complicated student's life, full of deadlines and requirements. We have experts in each academic discipline, and they seek to help you with the assignment.
Our writing company is a place where you are always welcome. IQEssay is not the other writing service, but a company with an innovative approach. Our goal is to make you stronger without getting lost or exhausted. We will help you comprehend the subject and get to a higher academic level. Our experts will help you come through the difficulties in academic writing. Order our online help and get a brilliant paper you can use as an example. Find the support and assistance you can always count on.
We offer fast and quality writing help with your writing assignments. Our writers are developing their writing experience every day. Thus, they can deal with any type of essay, research, or terms paper. Do not hesitate to contact us so that we can start working immediately.
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Questions our customers ask
Can someone write my paper for me.
Yes, we can. We have writers ready to cope with papers of any complexity. Just contact our specialists and let us help you.
Who can I pay to write a paper for me?
We will help you select a writer according to your needs. As soon as you hire our specialist, you’ll see a significant improvement in your grades.
Can I pay someone to write a paper for me?
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It is best to structure your essay according to key themes. Themes are illustrated and developed through a number of points (supported by evidence). Choose relevant points only, ones that most reveal the theme or help to make a convincing and interesting argument. Knowledge and Understanding Critical Evaluation The PEC System
Whatever essay type you need to write, a standard or core structure should be used in your writing. It consists of the intro, body, and the final part - a conclusion. Following this structure is an excellent way to write a psychology essay: your reader will have a better understanding of your paper's main ideas and thoughts.
The first step to writing a good psychology essay introduction is to have a rough idea of what you are about to write. Having some previous knowledge on the topic ensures that you become more competent and research widely. Secondly, have a global structure- this ensures that you have a coherent sentence and flow of ideas.
An essay about educational psychology will be somewhat similar to expository essays, explaining a chosen topic. A body of your essay must be 3-8 paragraphs long. Every paragraph of the body consists of several sentences devoted to different ideas. Each idea must be related to your thesis statement. The structure of paragraphs is as follows:
THE STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY Personality according to Freud is made up of the Id, ego and superego. They involve in the process of shaping the individuals mind.
THE STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY Personality according to Freud is made up of the Id, ego and superego. They involve in the process of shaping the individuals mind.
THE STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY Personality according to Freud is made up of the Id, ego and superego. They involve in the process of shaping the individuals mind.
THE STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY Personality according to Freud is made up of the Id, ego and superego. They involve in the process of shaping the individuals mind.
Essay on 'Psychology' for class 9, 10, 11 and 12. Find paragraphs, long and short essays on 'Psychology' especially written for school and college students. ... The structure of personality is made up of three major systems; the id, the ego, and the superego. Although each of these has its own functions, properties, components ...
In this essay we will discuss about Social Psychology. After reading this essay you will learn about: 1. Historical Background of Social Psychology 2. ... The structure of the group, its morale and cohesiveness also contribute a determining influence on the individual's behaviour. The group may be divided into a number of subgroups but these ...
To be clear, psychology covers the study of both human and nonhuman animal behavior. It has its own terminology, techniques, and literature. For you to complete an extended essay in psychology, you must have a solid grasp of the subject and its techniques.
Tips for Writing a Psychology Essay. To write a successful essay, you first need to choose a suitable topic that you will be interested in researching and stick to the structure. If you are a student who needs to write a psychology essay and you do not know where to start, you can use our tips to simplify this process: First of all, it is ...
As a result, all you have to do in the next step is access your references and fill in more detail on the points you've outlined. 4. Writing the paper. As stated above, an outline helps speed the actual writing of the essay. However, for those that have not prepared an outline, the essay flow is important.
Structure Of A Psychology Essay | Best Writing Service PenMyPaper offers you with affordable 'write me an essay service' We try our best to keep the prices for my essay writing as low as possible so that it does not end up burning a hole in your pocket.
The Structure Of Personality Psychology Essay Kretch and Crutchfield say that social psychology is the science of behaviour of the individuals in the society. Reaction formation occur when we express an unacceptable impulse by transforming it into its opposite.
Structure Of A Psychology Essay - Type of institution: Choose... High schoolCollegeGraduate schoolBusiness schoolLaw schoolMedical schoolUniversityOther Choose... Transparency through our essay writing service Transparency is unique to our company and for my writing essay services. You will get to know everything about 'my order'
How To Structure A Psychology Essay, Professional Masters Essay Writer Service Usa, Case Study Campaign Video, Argument And Persuasive Language Essay, The Best American Essays Of The Century Atwan, Designing A Resume In Word, Cover Letter And Writing Sample Min Beds
At Essayswriting, it all depends on the timeline you put in it. Professional authors can write an essay in 3 hours, if there is a certain volume, but it must be borne in mind that with such a service the price will be the highest. The cheapest estimate is the work that needs to be done in 14 days. Then 275 words will cost you $ 10, while 3 ...
Question 3.4 psychology essay structure primary teaching and learning on the roads. How much times have you been to present your research questions or hypotheses. An example of prenons l exemple des sorciers ou des magiciens au moyen age.
Generally, our writers, who will write my essay for me, have the responsibility to show their determination in writing the essay for you, but there is more they can do. They can ease your admission process for higher education and write various personal statements, cover letters, admission write-up, and many more.
Fourth- and sixth-grade students with and without learning disabilities wrote essays about a controversial topic after receiving either a general persuasion goal or an elaborated goal that included subgoals based on elements of argumentative discourse. Students in the elaborated goal condition produced more persuasive essays that were responsive to alternative standpoints than students in the ...